Campus sexual assault is a problem that overwhelmingly affects cisgender women and transgender, genderqueer/questioning, and nonbinary (TGQN) students. Yet, students of any gender may be perpetrators or victims of assault. Thus, it is important that prevention programs incorporate a range of scenarios that depict different genders as both perpetrators and victims, while also acknowledging the differential risk between gender groups. Gender-specific programming is one way of achieving this goal. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we synthesized studies evaluating campus sexual assault prevention programs implemented with specified gender groups in the United States. Through a comprehensive literature search, we identified 38 studies that met eligibility criteria and were disseminated through 2021 ( N = 22 women’s studies; N = 16 men’s studies; N = 0 TGQN studies). Programs overwhelmingly portrayed women as victims and men as perpetrators or bystanders while largely ignoring experiences of TGQN students. A greater proportion of women’s programs included risk reduction content that relayed tactics participants may use to avoid victimization. A greater proportion of men’s programs included bystander content that emphasized ways participants may stop others from committing sexual assault. Women’s programs had a small but significant and favorable effect on victimization, but studies evaluating these programs did not measure perpetration outcomes. Men’s programs had a non-significant effect on perpetration but victimization outcomes were not measured. Gender-specific prevention programming should begin to reflect the differential risks of perpetration and victimization across gender identities, and the effects of this program content should be rigorously evaluated.

中文翻译：

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谁被视为潜在的受害者、肇事者或旁观者？对评估在美国实施的针对性别的校园性侵犯预防计划的研究进行系统评价和荟萃分析


校园性侵犯是一个压倒性地影响顺性别女性和跨性别者、性别酷儿/质疑和非二元性别 （TGQN） 学生的问题。然而，任何性别的学生都可能成为性侵的肇事者或受害者。因此，预防计划必须纳入一系列场景，将不同性别描述为肇事者和受害者，同时也要承认性别群体之间的不同风险。针对性别的节目是实现这一目标的一种方式。在本系统评价和荟萃分析中，我们综合了评估在美国针对特定性别群体实施的校园性侵犯预防计划的研究。通过全面的文献检索，我们确定了 38 项符合资格标准并在 2021 年之前传播的研究 （ N = 22 项女性研究;N = 16 项男性研究;N = 0 TGQN 研究）。节目压倒性地将女性描绘成受害者，将男性描绘成肇事者或旁观者，而在很大程度上忽视了 TGQN 学生的经历。更大比例的女性项目包括降低风险的内容，这些内容传达了参与者可能用来避免受害的策略。更大比例的男性节目包括旁观者内容，强调参与者可以阻止他人实施性侵犯的方式。妇女项目对受害的影响很小，但意义重大且有利，但评估这些项目的研究并未衡量犯罪结果。男性项目对犯罪没有显著影响，但没有测量受害结果。针对性别的预防计划应开始反映不同性别认同的犯罪和受害风险，并且应严格评估该计划内容的效果。