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Deep Mouse Brain Two-Photon Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using a Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector Array
ACS Photonics ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-11 , DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00111
Amr Tamimi 1 , Martin Caldarola 2 , Sebastian Hambura 1 , Juan C. Boffi 1 , Niels Noordzij 2 , Johannes W. N. Los 2 , Antonio Guardiani 2 , Hugo Kooiman 2 , Ling Wang 1 , Christian Kieser 1 , Florian Braun 3 , Mario A. Usuga Castaneda 2 , Andreas Fognini 2 , Robert Prevedel 1, 4, 5, 6, 7
Affiliation  

Two-photon microscopy (2PM) has become an important tool in biology to study the structure and function of intact tissues in vivo. However, adult mammalian tissues such as the mouse brain are highly scattering, thereby putting fundamental limits on the achievable imaging depth, which typically reside at around 600–800 μm. In principle, shifting both the excitation as well as (fluorescence) emission light to the shortwave near-infrared (SWIR, 1000–1700 nm) region promises substantially deeper imaging in 2PM, yet this shift has proven challenging in the past due to the limited availability of detectors and probes in this wavelength region. To overcome these limitations and fully capitalize on the SWIR region, in this work, we introduce a novel array of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and associated custom detection electronics for use in near-infrared 2PM. The SNSPD array exhibits high efficiency and dynamic range as well as low dark-count rates over a wide wavelength range. Additionally, the electronics and software permit a seamless integration into typical 2PM systems. Together with an organic fluorescent dye emitting at 1105 nm, we report imaging depth of >1.1 mm in the in vivo mouse brain, limited mostly by available labeling density and laser properties. Our work establishes a promising, and ultimately scalable, new detector technology for SWIR 2PM that facilitates deep tissue biological imaging.

中文翻译:


使用超导纳米线单光子探测器阵列的小鼠深部脑双光子近红外荧光成像



双光子显微镜 (2PM) 已成为生物学中研究体内完整组织结构和功能的重要工具。然而,成年哺乳动物组织(如小鼠大脑)高度分散,从而对可实现的成像深度(通常位于 600-800 μm 左右)造成了根本限制。原则上,将激发光和(荧光)发射光都转移到短波近红外(SWIR,1000-1700 nm)区域有望在 2PM 中实现更深的成像,但由于该波长区域的探测器和探针的可用性有限,这种转变在过去被证明是具有挑战性的。为了克服这些限制并充分利用 SWIR 区域,在这项工作中,我们引入了一种新型超导纳米线单光子探测器 (SNSPD) 和相关的定制检测电子设备,用于近红外 2PM。SNSPD 阵列在宽波长范围内表现出高效率和动态范围以及低暗计数率。此外,电子元件和软件允许无缝集成到典型的 2PM 系统中。连同在 1105 nm 处发射的有机荧光染料,我们报告了体内小鼠大脑中 >1.1 mm 的成像深度,主要受可用标记密度和激光特性的限制。我们的工作为 SWIR 2PM 建立了一种有前途且最终可扩展的新型探测器技术,可促进深层组织生物成像。
更新日期:2024-09-11
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