In neuroinflammatory diseases, systemic (blood-borne) leukocytes invade the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to tissue damage. A causal relationship between neuroinflammatory diseases and dysregulated cytokine networks is well established across several preclinical models. Cytokine dysregulation is also observed as an inadvertent effect of cancer immunotherapy, where it often leads to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatory diseases can be separated into those in which a pathogen is at the centre of the immune response and those of largely unknown aetiology. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology, cytokine networks and therapeutic landscape of ‘sterile’ neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), neurosarcoidosis and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) triggered by cancer immunotherapy. Despite successes in targeting cytokine networks in preclinical models of neuroinflammation, the clinical translation of targeting cytokines and their receptors has shown mixed and often paradoxical responses.

在神经炎症性疾病中，全身性（血源性）白细胞侵入中枢神经系统 （CNS） 并导致组织损伤。神经炎症性疾病和失调的细胞因子网络之间的因果关系在几个临床前模型中已经得到充分证实。细胞因子失调也被观察到为癌症免疫疗法的无意影响，它通常会导致神经炎症。神经炎症性疾病可分为病原体处于免疫反应中心的疾病和病因基本未知的疾病。在这里，我们讨论了“无菌”神经炎症性疾病的病理生理学、细胞因子网络和治疗前景，例如多发性硬化症 （MS）、视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病 （NMOSD）、神经结节病和癌症免疫疗法引发的免疫效应细胞相关神经毒性综合征 （ICANS）。尽管在神经炎症的临床前模型中靶向细胞因子网络取得了成功，但靶向细胞因子及其受体的临床转化显示出混合且往往自相矛盾的反应。