Transcranial focused ultrasound has shown promising non-invasive therapeutic effects for drug-resistant epilepsy due to its spatial resolution and depth penetrability. However, current manual strategies, which use fixed neurostimulation protocols, cannot provide precise patient-specific treatment due to the absence of ultrasound wave-insensitive closed-loop neurostimulation devices. Here, we report a shape-morphing cortex-adhesive sensor for closed-loop transcranial ultrasound neurostimulation. The sensor consists of a catechol-conjugated alginate hydrogel adhesive, a stretchable 16-channel electrode array and a viscoplastic self-healing polymeric substrate, and is coupled to a pulse-controlled transcranial focused ultrasound device. It can provide conformal and robust fixation to curvy cortical surfaces, and we show that it is capable of stable neural signal recording in awake seizure rodents during transcranial focused ultrasound neurostimulation. The sensing performance allows real-time detection of preseizure signals with unexpected and irregular high-frequency oscillations, and we demonstrate closed-loop seizure control supervised by intact cortical activity under ultrasound stimulation in awake rodents.

经颅聚焦超声由于其空间分辨率和深度穿透性，对耐药性癫痫显示出有希望的非侵入性治疗效果。然而，由于缺乏对超声波不敏感的闭环神经刺激装置，当前使用固定神经刺激方案的手动策略无法提供精确的针对患者的治疗。在这里，我们报告了一种用于闭环经颅超声神经刺激的形状变形皮质粘附传感器。该传感器由邻苯二酚结合的藻酸盐水凝胶粘合剂、可拉伸的 16 通道电极阵列和粘塑性自修复聚合物基板组成，并与脉冲控制的经颅聚焦超声装置耦合。它可以为弯曲的皮质表面提供保形且坚固的固定，并且我们证明它能够在经颅聚焦超声神经刺激期间在清醒的癫痫啮齿动物中记录稳定的神经信号。传感性能允许实时检测具有意外和不规则高频振荡的癫痫前信号，并且我们在清醒的啮齿动物中展示了由完整的皮质活动在超声刺激下监督的闭环癫痫控制。