Distant hybridization and gynogenesis are two prevalent breeding techniques for fishes. Drawing from the research achievements of our team and the existing literature, we summarize the reproductive traits and genetic features of fishes derived from distant hybridizations and gynogenesis, and we deduce the fundamental mechanisms of these two methods and compare them, discerning their common and different characteristics. Both distant hybridization and gynogenesis techniques can alter genotypes and phenotypes, thus establishing them as significant breeding methods. Additionally, the genetic principles and the basic biological characteristics of distant hybridization and gynogenesis in fish have been inferred. We propose the concepts of macro‐hybrid and micro‐hybrid based on extensive experimental findings from fish distant hybridizations and gynogenesis. The term “macro‐hybrid” refers to offspring from distant hybridization that possess two distinct subgenomes, each inherited from one of the two parental species, such as allodiploid and allotetraploid lineages. The concept of “micro‐hybrid” refers to offspring, including autodiploid and autotetraploid lineages, as well as those resulting from artificial gynogenesis, whose genome almost originates solely from the maternal parent but in which certain DNA fragments derived from the paternal parent insert. Distant hybridization and gynogenesis are vital techniques in fish genetics, breeding, and evolution. We highlight the prospective paths for research and application of distant hybridization and gynogenesis in fishes.

中文翻译：

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鱼类远缘杂交与雌核发育的研究进展


远缘杂交和雌核发育是两种流行的鱼类育种技术。借鉴我们团队的研究成果和现有文献，我们总结了远缘杂交和雌核发育鱼类的繁殖性状和遗传特征，推导了这两种方法的基本机制并进行了比较，辨别了它们的共同点和不同点。远缘杂交和雌核发生技术都可以改变基因型和表型，从而将它们确立为重要的育种方法。此外，还推测了鱼类远缘杂交和雌核发育的遗传原理和基本生物学特性。我们根据鱼类远缘杂交和雌核发育的大量实验结果提出了宏杂交和微杂交的概念。术语“宏杂种”是指远缘杂交的后代，具有两个不同的亚基因组，每个亚基因组都继承自两个亲本物种之一，例如异源二倍体和异源四倍体谱系。 “微杂交”的概念是指后代，包括同源二倍体和同源四倍体谱系，以及人工雌核发育产生的后代，其基因组几乎仅源自母本，但其中插入了某些来自父本的DNA片段。远缘杂交和雌核发育是鱼类遗传、育种和进化的重要技术。我们重点介绍了鱼类远缘杂交和雌核发育研究和应用的前景路径。