Stochastic Gravitational Waves from Early Structure Formation,Physical Review Letters

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Stochastic Gravitational Waves from Early Structure Formation
Physical Review Letters ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-10 , DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.111002
Nicolas Fernandez ₁ , Joshua W. Foster ₂ , Benjamin Lillard ₃ , Jessie Shelton _{2,

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Affiliation

Early matter-dominated eras (EMDEs) are a natural feature arising in many models of the early Universe and can generate a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) during the transition from an EMDE to the radiation-dominated universe required by the time of big bang nucleosynthesis. While there are calculations of the SGWB generated in the linear regime, no detailed study has been made of the nonlinear regime. We perform the first comprehensive calculation of gravitational wave (GW) production in EMDEs that are long enough that density contrasts grow to exceed unity, using a hybrid

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-body and lattice simulation to study GW production from both a metastable matter species and the radiation produced in its decay. We find that nonlinearities significantly enhance GW production up to frequencies at least as large as the inverse light-crossing time of the largest halos that form prior to reheating. The resulting SGWB is within future observational reach for curvature perturbations as small as those probed in the cosmic microwave background, depending on the reheating temperature. Out-of-equilibrium dynamics could further boost the induced SGWB, while a fully relativistic gravitational treatment is required to resolve the spectrum at even higher frequencies.

中文翻译：

早期结构形成的随机引力波

早期物质主导时代 (EMDE) 是许多早期宇宙模型中出现的自然特征，在大爆炸时所需的从 EMDE 到辐射主导宇宙的过渡过程中，可以产生随机引力波背景 (SGWB)核合成。虽然对线性状态下生成的 SGWB 进行了计算，但尚未对非线性状态进行详细研究。我们使用混合模型对 EMDE 中的引力波 (GW) 产生进行了首次全面计算，这些计算足够长，以致密度对比增长到超过统一。

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-体和晶格模拟，用于研究亚稳态物质种类的引力波产生及其衰变中产生的辐射。我们发现，非线性显着增强了引力波的产生，频率至少与再加热之前形成的最大光晕的逆光穿越时间一样大。由此产生的 SGWB 处于未来观测范围内，其曲率扰动与在宇宙微波背景中探测到的曲率扰动一样小，具体取决于再加热温度。非平衡动力学可以进一步增强诱导的 SGWB，而需要完全相对论引力处理来解析更高频率的频谱。

更新日期：2024-09-10

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