Abnormalities in the structure and metabolic function of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (aSAT) underlie many obesity-related health complications. Endurance exercise improves cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight or obesity, but the effects of endurance training on aSAT are unclear. We included male and female participants who were regular exercisers with overweight or obesity who exercised for >2 years, and cross-sectionally compared them with well-matched non-exercisers with overweight or obesity. Here we show aSAT from exercisers has a higher capillary density, lower Col6a abundance and fewer macrophages compared with non-exercisers. This is accompanied by a greater abundance of angiogenic, ribosomal, mitochondrial and lipogenic proteins. The abundance of phosphoproteins involved in protein translation, lipogenesis and direct regulation of transcripts is also greater in aSAT collected from exercisers. Exploratory ex vivo experiments demonstrate greater angiogenic capacity and higher lipid-storage capacity in samples cultured from aSAT collected from exercisers versus non-exercisers. Regular exercise may play a role in remodelling aSAT structure and proteomic profile in ways that may contribute to preserved cardiometabolic health.

腹部皮下脂肪组织（aSAT）的结构和代谢功能异常是许多与肥胖相关的健康并发症的根源。耐力运动可以改善超重或肥胖成年人的心脏代谢健康，但耐力训练对 aSAT 的影响尚不清楚。我们纳入了定期锻炼、超重或肥胖且锻炼时间为 >2 年的男性和女性参与者，并将他们与匹配的超重或肥胖的非锻炼者进行横断面比较。在这里，我们发现与非锻炼者相比，锻炼者的 aSAT 具有更高的毛细血管密度、更低的 Col6a 丰度和更少的巨噬细胞。这伴随着更丰富的血管生成、核糖体、线粒体和脂肪生成蛋白。从锻炼者收集的 aSAT 中，参与蛋白质翻译、脂肪生成和转录本直接调节的磷蛋白的丰度也更高。探索性离体实验表明，与非运动者相比，从运动者收集的 aSAT 培养的样品中，血管生成能力更强，脂质储存能力更高。定期锻炼可能在重塑 aSAT 结构和蛋白质组谱方面发挥作用，从而有助于保持心脏代谢健康。