Bias-based cyberaggression—hateful and bias-based content and interactions via information and communication technologies—is a frequent experience for young internet users that can result in detrimental consequences for both individuals and society. Ample research has focused on the factors related to involvement in bias-based cyberaggression. This study systematically reviews the research published in the past decade about the investigations into exposure, vicarious and direct victimization, and aggression among young people (up to age 30). We aimed to provide a complex summarization of the research findings about the risk and protective factors and the consequences of experiences with bias-based cyberaggression—specifically the diverse manifestations of bias-based cyberaggression targeted toward ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender, weight, and disability. Three academic databases (EBSCO, Scopus, and WoS) were searched and 41 articles were included in the review. The results show a dominant research focus on bias-based cyberaggression victimization and on the bias-based cyberaggression that targets ethnicity, race, nationality, and religion, leaving a gap in the knowledge about the different types of targeted group categories and bias-based cyberaggression perpetration. The identified risk factors for bias-based cyberaggression involvement included being a minority, low psychological well-being, other victimization experiences, higher internet use, and risky internet use. An overlap was found for bias-based cyberaggression involvement with other offline and online victimization experiences. This review showed limited knowledge about protective factors, namely the social-level and contextual factors. The identified factors, as well as the gaps in the knowledge, are discussed in relation to research implications and practice and policy implications.

中文翻译：

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与出身、宗教、性取向、性别和体重相关的基于偏见的网络攻击：对年轻人的经历、风险和保护因素及其后果的系统评价


基于偏见的网络攻击——通过信息和通信技术进行的仇恨和基于偏见的内容和互动——是年轻互联网用户的常见经历，可能会对个人和社会造成有害后果。大量研究集中在与参与基于偏见的网络攻击相关的因素上。本研究系统回顾了过去十年发表的关于年轻人（30 岁以下）暴露、替代和直接受害以及攻击行为调查的研究。我们旨在对有关基于偏见的网络攻击经历的风险和保护因素以及后果的研究结果进行复杂的总结——特别是针对民族、种族、国籍、宗教、性取向、性别、体重和残疾的基于偏见的网络攻击的不同表现形式。检索了三个学术数据库 （EBSCO、Scopus 和 WoS），综述中纳入了 41 篇文章。结果显示，主要研究集中在基于偏见的网络攻击受害和针对民族、种族、国籍和宗教的基于偏见的网络攻击上，在关于不同类型的目标群体类别和基于偏见的网络攻击行为的知识方面留下了空白。已确定的基于偏见的网络攻击参与的风险因素包括少数、心理健康水平低、其他受害经历、较高的互联网使用和危险的互联网使用。发现基于偏见的网络攻击参与与其他线下和线上受害经历存在重叠。本综述显示对保护因素（即社会层面和背景因素）的了解有限。 已确定的因素以及知识差距与研究影响、实践和政策影响进行了讨论。