Synthetic promoters are particularly relevant for application not only in yeast expression systems designed for high-level heterologous protein production but also in other applications such as metabolic engineering, cell biological research, and stage-specific gene expression control. By designing synthetic promoters, researcher can create customized expression systems tailored to specific needs, whether it is maximizing protein production or precisely controlling gene expression at different stages of a process. While recognizing the limitations of endogenous promoters, they also provide important information needed to design synthetic promoters. In this review, emphasis will be placed on some key approaches to identify endogenous, and to generate synthetic promoters in yeast expression systems. It shows the connection between endogenous and synthetic promoters, highlighting how their interplay contributes to promoter development. Furthermore, this review illustrates recent developments in biotechnological advancements and discusses how this field will evolve in order to develop custom-made promoters for diverse applications. This review offers detailed information, explores the transition from endogenous to synthetic promoters, and presents valuable perspectives on the next generation of promoter design strategies.

中文翻译：

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从天然到合成：酵母表达系统中的启动子工程


合成启动子不仅与专为高水平异源蛋白质生产而设计的酵母表达系统中的应用特别相关，而且还与代谢工程、细胞生物学研究和阶段特异性基因表达控制等其他应用中的应用特别相关。通过设计合成启动子，研究人员可以创建适合特定需求的定制表达系统，无论是最大化蛋白质产量还是在过程的不同阶段精确控制基因表达。在认识到内源启动子的局限性的同时，它们还提供了设计合成启动子所需的重要信息。在这篇综述中，重点将放在一些关键方法上，以鉴定内源性，并在酵母表达系统中生成合成启动子。它显示了内源启动子和合成启动子之间的联系，强调了它们的相互作用如何促进启动子的发育。此外，这篇综述阐述了生物技术进步的最新进展，并讨论了该领域将如何发展，以便为不同的应用开发定制的启动子。这篇综述提供了详细的信息，探讨了从内源启动子到合成启动子的转变，并对下一代启动子设计策略提出了有价值的观点。