In the context of limited resources and a growing demand for food due to an increase in the worldwide population, irrigation plays a vital role, and the efficient use of water is a major objective. In pressurized irrigation systems, water management is linked to high energy requirements, which is especially relevant in sprinkler irrigation. Therefore, decision support models are important for optimizing the design and management of irrigation systems. In this study, a holistic model for solid set irrigation systems (SORA 2024) was developed. This new model integrates hydraulic models at the subunit and plot levels to evaluate the distribution of pressure (EPANET, Rossman in The EPANET programmer’s toolkit for analysis of water distribution systems, Tempe, Arizona, 1999), the discharge and water distribution for each emitter (SIRIAS, Carrion et al. in , Irrig Sci 20(2):73–84, 2001) and the distribution of water applied by all the emitters of the subunit (SORA, Carrión et al. in Irrig Sci 20(2): 73–84, 2001). The integrated model also includes crop simulation (AQUACROP, Steduto et al. in Agron J 101(3), 426–437, 2009). to assess the effect of water distribution on crop production. The objective of this holistic model is to assist in decision-making processes for designing, sizing, upgrading, and managing solid set irrigation systems at the sprinkler level. The new integrated model (SORA 2024) was applied to a 2.84 ha commercial plot with 2 irrigation sectors that grow onion crops (Allium cepa L.). It was used to analyse each irrigation event from a real irrigation season, considering the conditions (pressure, irrigation time/periods, environmental conditions, and so on). The analysis is based on the sprinkler–nozzle combination, working pressure and wind direction and intensity during each irrigation event. The model also accounts for the cumulative effect/impact of all irrigation events on the plot. The model was validated through field trials using the “crop as a sensor” approach (Sarig et al. in , Agron 11(3):2021). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, the choice of nozzles in each sprinkler of the subunit was optimized. This is a quick and cost-effective way for farmers to improve their irrigation systems. By using this method, farmers can achieve better uniformity of water application and a slight increase in crop yield while maintaining the same irrigation schedule and amount of water used. Furthermore, the model enables farmers to work at the emitter level while integrating the results for the entire plot. This allows for precise irrigation of variable dosages by using different sprinkler–nozzle combinations in the same subunit. Farmers can do this based on the prior zoning of the plot, which is determined by its productive potential. This justifies the use of different irrigation dosages in each zone.

在资源有限和世界人口增长导致粮食需求不断增长的背景下，灌溉发挥着至关重要的作用，而有效利用水是一个主要目标。在加压灌溉系统中，水管理与高能源需求相关，这在喷灌中尤其重要。因此，决策支持模型对于优化灌溉系统的设计和管理非常重要。在这项研究中，开发了固体灌溉系统的整体模型（SORA 2024）。这个新模型在子单元和地块级别集成了水力模型，以评估压力分布（EPANET，Rossman，《用于分析配水系统的 EPANET 程序员工具包》，亚利桑那州坦佩，1999 年）、每个发射器的排放和配水（ SIRIAS, Carrion 等人，Irrig Sci 20(2):73–84, 2001) 以及子单元所有发射器施加的水的分布（SORA, Carrión 等人，Irrig Sci 20(2): 73 –84, 2001）。集成模型还包括作物模拟（AQUACROP、Steduto 等人，Agron J 101(3), 426–437, 2009）。评估水分配对作物生产的影响。该整体模型的目标是协助设计、调整尺寸、升级和管理喷头级固定灌溉系统的决策过程。新的综合模型 (SORA 2024) 应用于一块 2.84 公顷的商业地块，该地块有 2 个灌溉部门，种植洋葱作物 ( Allium cepa L.)。它用于分析真实灌溉季节的每个灌溉事件，并考虑条件（压力、灌溉时间/周期、环境条件等）。 该分析基于每次灌溉事件期间的喷头与喷嘴组合、工作压力以及风向和强度。该模型还考虑了所有灌溉事件对地块的累积效应/影响。该模型通过使用“作物作为传感器”方法的田间试验进行了验证（Sarig 等人，Agron 11(3):2021）。为了证明模型的有效性，对子单元每个喷头的喷嘴选择进行了优化。对于农民来说，这是一种快速且经济高效的改善灌溉系统的方法。通过使用这种方法，农民可以在保持相同的灌溉计划和用水量的同时实现更好的用水均匀性并略微提高作物产量。此外，该模型使农民能够在排放者层面上工作，同时整合整个地块的结果。这样可以通过在同一子单元中使用不同的喷头-喷嘴组合来实现可变剂量的精确灌溉。农民可以根据之前的土地分区来做到这一点，这是由其生产潜力决定的。这证明了在每个区域使用不同灌溉剂量的合理性。