Cascaded thermoelectric generators (CTEGs) are increasingly used to enhance energy generation in photovoltaic (PV) cells under concentrated solar irradiance. However, research on temperature variation patterns on both sides of CTEGs, due to nonuniform irradiance and imperfect cooling, is limited. This paper explores a circular pattern, a central circular region surrounded by concentric rings, alongside a constant temperature. Experiments were conducted on PV-1,2,3-CTEG hybrid systems under irradiances of 230, 199, and 153 suns, using InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cells on BiTe-CTEGs with water-cooled heat sinks. The current-voltage characteristics, short-circuit current (I), open-circuit voltage (V), and maximum power (P) were measured and compared with simulated results. The total P generated by the 1,2,3-CTEG configurations was 0.488 W, 0.718 W, and 0.461 W, respectively. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, the 1,2,3-CTEG configurations were simulated under three scenarios: (1) constant temperature on both sides, (2) a circular pattern on the top side, and (3) a circular pattern on both sides. Comparing the total P for the 1,2,3-CTEG configurations across scenarios (1)–(3) with experimental data, scenario (2) showed the closest alignment, with differences of 1 %, 5 %, and 10 %, respectively. This alignment was confirmed by the root mean square errors (RMSE), calculated as 0.178, 0.034, and 0.044 for scenarios (1)–(3), respectively.

中文翻译：

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研究 PV-CTEG 混合系统中级联热电发电机 (CTEG) 配置的热侧和冷侧的温度变化


级联热电发电机 (CTEG) 越来越多地用于增强集中太阳辐照下光伏 (PV) 电池的发电能力。然而，由于辐照度不均匀和冷却不完善，对 CTEG 两侧温度变化模式的研究有限。本文探讨了一种圆形图案，即由同心环包围的中心圆形区域，以及恒定的温度。在具有水冷散热器的 BiTe-CTEG 上使用 InGaP/InGaAs/Ge 电池，在 230、199 和 153 个太阳辐照度下的 PV-1,2,3-CTEG 混合系统上进行了实验。测量了电流-电压特性、短路电流（I）、开路电压（V）和最大功率（P），并与模拟结果进行比较。 1,2,3-CTEG 配置产生的总 P 分别为 0.488 W、0.718 W 和 0.461 W。使用 COMSOL Multiphysics，在三种情况下模拟了 1,2,3-CTEG 配置：(1) 两侧恒温，(2) 顶部圆形图案，以及 (3) 两侧圆形图案。将情景 (1)-(3) 中 1,2,3-CTEG 配置的总 P 与实验数据进行比较，情景 (2) 显示最接近的对齐方式，差异分别为 1 %、5 % 和 10 % 。这种对齐得到了均方根误差 (RMSE) 的证实，场景 (1)-(3) 的计算结果分别为 0.178、0.034 和 0.044。