Using surnames from the universe of death and wealth-at-death records in England and Wales, from 1858 to 2018, I document the emergence of a modern ethnic wealth gradient. Historically, Non-British ethnicities have average wealth 2–5 times that of the English. However, this premium has decreased over the 20th century. By 1980, non-British ethnicities have no advantage over the British. However, this masks considerable heterogeneity within the non-British ethnicity group. Europeans typically die significantly richer than the English whereas the Pakistani and Swedish die significantly poorer. Some groups always have lower wealth. The Irish, have wealth around 50% of the average English throughout. Surprisingly, the most egalitarian measure of wealth is representation within the top 1%. Most ethnicities have an equal, or greater, representation in the top 1% than the English, 1980–1992. Despite large differences in average wealth between ethnicities, the vast majority of variation, 97.5% is between individuals.

中文翻译：

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1858-2018 年英格兰和威尔士的种族财富不平等


使用 1858 年至 2018 年英格兰和威尔士死亡时财富记录中的姓氏，我记录了现代种族财富梯度的出现。从历史上看，非英国种族的平均财富是英国人的 2-5 倍。然而，这种溢价在 20 世纪有所下降。到 1980 年，非英国种族比英国人没有优势。然而，这掩盖了非英国种族群体内部相当大的异质性。欧洲人通常比英国人富裕得多，而巴基斯坦人和瑞典人则比英国人穷得多。一些群体的财富总是较低。爱尔兰人的财富大约是英国人平均水平的 50%。令人惊讶的是，最平等的财富衡量标准是前 1% 的代表性。1980-1992 年，大多数种族在前 1% 中的代表性与英国人相同或更高。尽管种族之间的平均财富差异很大，但绝大多数差异（97.5%）发生在个人之间。