It can be confidently stated that there is limited research on the usability of nanoparticles as alternative fuel additives for diesel fuel (DF), particularly those produced from organic substances through the green synthesis method. On this basis, the present research focused on the usability of the fuels formed by adding metal-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles produced through green synthesis technique at different ratios to safflower oil biodiesel and commercial DF blends considering the thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses. In this sense, performance and emission tests were carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine at four ranging loads (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm. To conclude, the exergy efficiency enhanced as the load increased. Actually, for B10Si50 blend at 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % loads, the exergy efficiency was calculated to be 16.46 %, 19.48 %, 21.08 %, and 21.95 %, respectively. As the amount of biodiesel infused to DF increased, the cost of losses went up gradually. In this context, the cost of losses for DF was calculated as 2.099 USD/h at the maximum engine load, meanwhile the cost of losses for B10 and B20 was figured out to be 2.326 USD/h and 2.487 USD/h, respectively. At the peak load, the ratio of the power taken from the engine shaft to the cost achieved for DF was 129.76 USD/GJ, while it was found to be 151.55 USD/GJ for B20. In addition, it was determined as 191.21 USD/GJ for B20Si250 fuel and 197.97 USD/GJ for B20Ti250. As stated in the exergoenviroeconomic analysis findings, the cost of monthly CO2 emissions ascended as the amount of nanoparticles augmented regardless of the type of fuel blends. At 75 % engine load, the cost of CO2 emissions for B20Si50 fuel was notified as 43.89 USD/month whereas it was found to be 47.74 USD/month for B20Si250.

中文翻译：

---

对以绿色合成技术生产的柴油/红花籽油、生物柴油/TiO2 或 SiO2 纳米颗粒混合物为燃料的 CI 发动机进行综合分析


可以自信地说，关于纳米颗粒作为柴油燃料 （DF） 替代燃料添加剂的可用性的研究有限，尤其是那些通过绿色合成方法由有机物质生产的添加剂。在此基础上，考虑到热力学、经济和环境分析，本研究的重点是将通过绿色合成技术以不同比例将通过金属基二氧化钛 （TiO2） 和二氧化硅 （SiO2） 纳米颗粒添加到红花油生物柴油和商用 DF 混合物中形成的燃料的可用性。从这个意义上说，在单缸柴油发动机中以 25 rpm 的固定速度（25 %、50 %、75 % 和 100 %）在四个范围负载（1500 %、75 % 和 1500 %）下进行性能和排放测试。总而言之，随着负荷的增加，用能效率增强。实际上，对于 B10Si50 在 25 %、50 %、75 % 和 100 % 负载下的共混物，计算出的用能效率分别为 16.46 %、19.48 %、21.08 % 和 21.95 %。随着注入 DF 的生物柴油量的增加，损失成本逐渐上升。在这种情况下，DF 的损失成本计算为最大发动机负载下的 2.099 美元/小时，而 B10 和 B20 的损失成本分别为 2.326 美元/小时和 2.487 美元/小时。在峰值负载下，从发动机轴获取的功率与 DF 实现的成本之比为 129.76 美元/GJ，而 B151.55 为 20 美元/GJ。此外，B191.21 燃料为 20Si250 美元/吉焦耳，B197.97Ti250 为 20 美元/吉焦耳。正如用能经济分析结果中所述，无论混合燃料的类型如何，每月 CO2 排放的成本都随着纳米颗粒数量的增加而上升。 在 75% 的发动机负载下，B20Si50 燃料的二氧化碳排放成本为 43.89 美元/月，而 B47.74Si250 的二氧化碳排放成本为 250 美元/月。