This paper highlights the incorporation of catalyst choice, feedstock type, and production technique for biodiesel production, thereby addressing existing gaps in the current research. In this sense, the rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite as a novel heterogeneous catalyst was prepared and employed to generate biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) by electrolysis approach for the first time. The structural attributes of rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocatalyst were evaluated by several analyses. According to these analyses, rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite has a specific area of 61.428 g/m2 and appropriate functional groups. Additionally, a CCD-based RSM approach was employed for achieving the highest biodiesel yield in optimal conditions (MeOH/WFO molar proportion=12:1, reaction time= 40 min, voltage=40 V, and catalyst concentration= 3.5 wt%) was 96.47 %. Likewise, the yield of biodiesel decreased from 96.58 % to 88.36 % after seven reuse cycles, which reveals the substantial stability of rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite in the transesterification procedure. Moreover, the thermodynamic behavior of biodiesel synthesis indicated that the transesterification employing rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite is endothermic. The activation energy and Arrhenius factor for the transesterification of WFO to biodiesel utilizing rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocatalysts were determined to be 51.59 kJ/mol and 6.67×105 min−1, respectively. Due to the high biodiesel yield and remarkable reusability, rGO@SnO2/ZnO nanocomposite is strongly recommended for the transesterification procedure.

中文翻译：

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rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料作为电解法合成生物柴油的高反应性非均相催化剂：中心复合材料设计优化


本文重点介绍了生物柴油生产中催化剂选择、原料类型和生产技术的结合，从而解决了当前研究中的现有差距。从这个意义上说，制备了 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料作为一种新型非均相催化剂，并首次用于通过电解法从废煎炸油 （WFO） 中生成生物柴油。通过多项分析评估了 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米催化剂的结构属性。根据这些分析，rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料的比面积为 61.428 g/m2 和适当的官能团。此外，采用基于 CCD 的 RSM 方法在最佳条件下实现最高的生物柴油产量（MeOH/WFO 摩尔比 = 12：1，反应时间 = 40 分钟，电压 = 40 V，催化剂浓度 = 3.5 wt%）为 96.47 %。同样，经过 7 次再利用循环后，生物柴油的收率从 96.58 % 下降到 88.36 %，这表明 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料在酯交换过程中具有相当大的稳定性。此外，生物柴油合成的热力学行为表明，采用 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料的酯交换反应是吸热的。利用 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米催化剂将 WFO 酯交换为生物柴油的活化能和 Arrhenius 因子分别为 51.59 kJ/mol 和 6.67×105 min-1。由于生物柴油收率高且可重复使用性高，强烈建议将 rGO@SnO2/ZnO 纳米复合材料用于酯交换反应程序。