Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies have been separately applied to enhance a wide range of design and manufacturing operations across various industries. Most VR applications are primarily focused on product prototyping and personnel training, whereas AR is commonly used to facilitate manual operations in manufacturing such as assembly and maintenance tasks. This study proposes a novel concept of real-time integration between VR and AR scenes to leverage their individual advantages. A prototyping system is implemented based on this concept to enhance workplace ergonomics in the overhead assembly of car bodies. An operator undergoes the assembly training at a virtual workstation within VR, while an ergonomics expert evaluates the operator's actions from a third-person viewpoint using AR. The expert can iteratively adjust the workstation setup, supported by automatic human posture recognition and biomechanical analysis, to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries during the process. An exemplary case demonstrates the practical value of real-time collaborative applications between VR and AR in the context of human-centric smart manufacturing. A usability study is conducted to verify the prototyping system using both subjective and objective measures. Integrating various reality technologies serves as an effective approach to improving human well-being in the manufacturing environment.

中文翻译：

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基于虚拟现实和增强现实之间实时集成的人体工程学工作场所设计


虚拟现实 （VR） 和增强现实 （AR） 技术已分别应用于增强各个行业的各种设计和制造运营。大多数 VR 应用程序主要集中在产品原型设计和人员培训上，而 AR 通常用于促进制造中的手动操作，例如组装和维护任务。本研究提出了一种新颖的概念，即 VR 和 AR 场景之间的实时集成，以利用它们各自的优势。基于这一概念实施了原型系统，以增强车身架空装配中的工作场所人体工程学。操作员在 VR 中的虚拟工作站接受装配培训，而人体工程学专家则使用 AR 从第三人称视角评估操作员的动作。专家可以在自动人体姿势识别和生物力学分析的支持下迭代调整工作站设置，以降低在此过程中肌肉骨骼损伤的风险。一个典型案例展示了在以人为本的智能制造背景下，VR 和 AR 之间的实时协作应用的实用价值。进行了可用性研究，以使用主观和客观测量来验证原型系统。集成各种现实技术是改善制造环境中人类福祉的有效方法。