Digital fabrication technologies, such as 3D concrete printing, are currently making their way into the construction industry. The primary focus in this field is often on the depositing processes, such as extrusion 3D concrete printing, where material is typically applied in horizontal planar layers. This area has seen substantial progress in recent years. However, numerous research and development projects are specifically targeting the additive manufacturing of unreinforced raw concrete components. When implementing these technologies in practice, it has become clear that additional processes, such as fully automated process-parallel reinforcement integration, application of cover layers and formative and subtractive post-processing of the components, are essential for successful application. In addition, by varying the orientation, characteristics and arrangement of the layers, new shapes and functions can be realised. Examples include angled layer orientation for producing vaulted geometries without support structures, as well as non-planar layer formation for complex component geometries or assembly joints. Moreover, alternative innovative manufacturing processes, such as KnitCrete, Smart Dynamic Casting or Injection 3D Printing, reveal new potential for the application of digital manufacturing technologies in the construction industry. This article aims to demonstrate the possibilities offered by digital fabrication with concrete beyond the stacking of horizontal planar layers, and how these technologies can complement and expand a future digital fabrication strategy in the construction industry.

中文翻译：

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超越水平平面层的混凝土数字化制造


3D 混凝土打印等数字制造技术目前正在进入建筑行业。该领域的主要关注点通常是沉积工艺，例如挤压 3D 混凝土打印，其中材料通常应用于水平平面层。近年来，这一领域取得了重大进展。然而，许多研发项目专门针对未加固原混凝土构件的增材制造。在实践中实施这些技术时，很明显，额外的过程，如全自动过程并行加固集成、覆盖层的应用以及组件的形成和减材后处理，对于成功应用至关重要。此外，通过改变图层的方向、特性和排列，可以实现新的形状和功能。示例包括用于生成没有支撑结构的拱形几何的倾斜层方向，以及用于复杂组件几何或装配体接头的非平面层形成。此外，KnitCrete、智能动态铸造或注塑 3D 打印等替代创新制造工艺揭示了数字制造技术在建筑行业应用的新潜力。本文旨在展示混凝土数字制造在水平平面层堆叠之外提供的可能性，以及这些技术如何补充和扩展建筑行业未来的数字制造策略。