The gut microbiota influences aspects of metabolic disease, including tissue inflammation, adiposity, blood glucose, insulin, and endocrine control of metabolism. Prebiotics or probiotics are often sought to combat metabolic disease. However, prebiotics lack specificity and can have deleterious bacterial community effects. Probiotics require live bacteria to find a colonization niche sufficient to influence host immunity or metabolism. Postbiotics encompass bacterial-derived components and molecules, which are well-positioned to alter host immunometabolism without relying on colonization efficiency or causing widespread effects on the existing microbiota. Here, we summarize the potential for beneficial and detrimental effects of specific postbiotics related to metabolic disease and the underlying mechanisms of action. Bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharides, muropeptides, lipoteichoic acids and flagellin have context-dependent effects on host metabolism by engaging specific immune responses. Specific types of postbiotics within broad classes of compounds such as lipopolysaccharides, muropeptides can have opposing effects on endocrine control of host metabolism where certain postbiotics are insulin sensitizers and others promote insulin resistance. Bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids, bile acids, lactate, glycerol, succinate, ethanolamine, and ethanol can be substrates for host metabolism. Postbiotics can fuel host metabolic pathways directly or influence endocrine control of metabolism through immunomodulation or mimicking host-derived hormones. The interaction of postbiotics in the host-microbe relationship should be considered during metabolic inflammation and metabolic disease.

中文翻译：

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后生元对宿主代谢和免疫的影响为代谢疾病提供了治疗潜力。


肠道微生物群影响代谢疾病的各个方面，包括组织炎症、肥胖、血糖、胰岛素和代谢的内分泌控制。人们经常寻求益生元或益生菌来对抗代谢疾病。然而，益生元缺乏特异性，可能对细菌群落产生有害影响。益生菌需要活细菌找到足以影响宿主免疫或新陈代谢的定植生态位。后生元包含细菌衍生的成分和分子，它们能够很好地改变宿主的免疫代谢，而不依赖于定植效率或对现有微生物群造成广泛影响。在这里，我们总结了与代谢疾病相关的特定后生元的潜在有益和有害影响以及潜在的作用机制。细菌细胞壁成分，如脂多糖、壁肽、脂磷壁酸和鞭毛蛋白，通过参与特异性免疫反应，对宿主代谢产生环境依赖性影响。脂多糖、壁肽等大类化合物中特定类型的后生元可能对宿主代谢的内分泌控制产生相反的影响，其中某些后生元是胰岛素增敏剂，而其他后生元则促进胰岛素抵抗。细菌代谢物如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、乳酸盐、甘油、琥珀酸盐、乙醇胺和乙醇可以是宿主代谢的底物。后生元可以直接促进宿主代谢途径，或通过免疫调节或模仿宿主源性激素影响代谢的内分泌控制。在代谢炎症和代谢疾病期间，应考虑后生元在宿主-微生物关系中的相互作用。