Metformin, an oral antihyperglycemic drug that has been in use for over 60 years, remains a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Numerous studies have suggested that metformin promotes health benefits beyond T2D management, including weight loss, cancer prevention and treatment, and anti-aging, through several proposed mechanistic targets. Here we discuss the established effects of metformin and the progress made in identifying its direct targets. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of elucidating the structural bases of the drug and its direct targets. Ultimately, this review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding metformin and its related emerging discoveries, while also outlining critical future research directions.

中文翻译：

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二甲双胍治疗糖尿病及其他疾病的直接目标。


二甲双胍是一种口服降糖药，已使用 60 多年，仍然是 2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 的一线治疗药物。大量研究表明，二甲双胍通过几个拟议的机制目标，可以促进 T2D 管理之外的健康益处，包括减肥、癌症预防和治疗以及抗衰老。在这里，我们讨论二甲双胍的既定作用以及在确定其直接靶点方面取得的进展。此外，我们强调阐明药物的结构基础及其直接靶点的重要性。最终，本综述旨在强调有关二甲双胍及其相关新兴发现的当前知识状况，同时概述未来的关键研究方向。