Inverse-Designed 3D Laser Nanoprinted Phase Masks to Extend the Depth of Field of Imaging Systems,ACS Photonics

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Inverse-Designed 3D Laser Nanoprinted Phase Masks to Extend the Depth of Field of Imaging Systems
ACS Photonics ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-03 , DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00953
Thomas Jebb Sturges ₁ , Markus Nyman ₂ , Sebastian Kalt ₃ , Kauri Pälsi ₄ , Panu Hilden ₄ , Martin Wegener _{2,

3} , Carsten Rockstuhl _{1,

2} , Andriy Shevchenko ₄

Affiliation

In optical imaging, achieving high resolution often comes at the expense of a shallow depth of field. This means that when using a standard microscope, any minor movement of the object along the optical axis can cause the image to become blurry. To address this issue, we exploit inverse design techniques to optimize a phase mask which, when inserted into a standard microscope, extends the depth of field by a factor of approximately four without compromising the microscope’s resolution. Differentiable Fourier optics simulations allow us to rapidly iterate toward an optimized design in a hybrid fashion, starting with gradient-free Bayesian optimization and proceeding to a local gradient-based optimization. To fabricate the device, a commercial two-photon 3D laser nanoprinter is used, in combination with a two-step precompensation routine, providing high fabrication speed and much better than subwavelength accuracy. We find excellent agreement between our numerical predictions and the measurements upon integrating the phase mask into a microscope and optically characterizing selected samples. The phase mask enables us to conduct simultaneous multiplane imaging of objects separated by distances that cannot be achieved with the original microscope.

中文翻译：

逆向设计的 3D 激光纳米印刷相位掩模可扩展成像系统的景深

在光学成像中，实现高分辨率通常是以浅景深为代价的。这意味着当使用标准显微镜时，物体沿光轴的任何微小移动都会导致图像变得模糊。为了解决这个问题，我们利用逆向设计技术来优化相位掩模，当将其插入标准显微镜时，可将景深扩大约四倍，而不会影响显微镜的分辨率。可微分傅立叶光学模拟使我们能够以混合方式快速迭代优化设计，从无梯度贝叶斯优化开始，然后进行基于局部梯度的优化。为了制造该设备，使用了商用双光子 3D 激光纳米打印机，并结合两步预补偿程序，可提供高制造速度和远优于亚波长的精度。将相位掩模板集成到显微镜中并对选定的样品进行光学表征后，我们发现数值预测与测量结果非常一致。相位掩模板使我们能够对相距一定距离的物体进行同时多平面成像，这是原始显微镜无法实现的。

更新日期：2024-09-03

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