Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) refer to a variety of derivatives of molecular oxygen that play crucial roles in regulating a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Excessive ROS levels can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and even cell demise. However, moderately elevated levels of ROS can mediate the oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTMs) of redox-sensitive proteins, thereby affecting protein functions and regulating various cellular signaling pathways. Among the oxPTMs, ROS-induced reversible protein sulfenylation represents the initial form of cysteine oxidation for sensing redox signaling. In this review, we will summarize the discovery, chemical formation, and detection approaches of protein sulfenylation. In addition, we will highlight recent findings for the roles of protein sulfenylation in various diseases, including thrombotic disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.

中文翻译：

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人类疾病中氧化应激介导的蛋白质磺酰化：过去、现在和未来


活性氧（ROS）是指分子氧的多种衍生物，在调节广泛的生理和病理过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。过多的ROS水平会引起氧化应激，导致细胞损伤甚至细胞死亡。然而，适度升高的ROS水平可以介导氧化还原敏感蛋白的氧化翻译后修饰（oxPTM），从而影响蛋白功能并调节各种细胞信号通路。在 oxPTM 中，ROS 诱导的可逆蛋白质磺酰化代表了用于传感氧化还原信号传导的半胱氨酸氧化的初始形式。在这篇综述中，我们将总结蛋白质磺酰化的发现、化学形成和检测方法。此外，我们将重点介绍蛋白质磺酰化在各种疾病中的作用的最新发现，包括血栓性疾病、糖尿病、心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症。