Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been detected in several aquatic compartments, which has been of environmental concern since PhACs can cause adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem at low concentrations. Despite the variety of PhACs detected in surface water, ecotoxicological studies are non-existent for many of them, mainly regarding their mixture. In addition, water bodies can continuously receive the discharge of raw or treated wastewater with micropollutants. Thus, PhACs are subject to mixture and interactions, potentiating or reducing their toxicity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the toxicity on Aliivibrio fischeri of seven PhACs, which still needs to be explored in the literature. The effects were evaluated for the PhACs individually and for their binary and tertiary mixture. Also, the experimental effects were compared with the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Finally, an environmental risk assessment was carried out. Fenofibrate (FEN), loratadine (LOR), and ketoprofen (KET) were the most toxic, with EC of 0.32 mg L, 6.15 mg L and 36.8 mg L, respectively. Synergistic effects were observed for FEN + LOR, KET + LOR, and KET + FEN + LOR, showing that the CA and IA may underestimate the toxicity. Environmental risks for KET concerning algae, and LOR e 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) for crustaceans and fish were high for several locations. Besides, high removals by wastewater treatment technologies are required to achieve the concentrations necessary for reducing KET and LOR risk quotients. Thus, this study contributed to a better understanding of the toxic interactions and environmental risks of PhACs.

中文翻译：

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七种药物活性化合物的生态毒理学研究：混合物效应和环境风险评估


已在多个水生隔室中检测到药物活性化合物 (PhAC)，这一直是环境问题，因为 PhAC 在低浓度下会对水生生态系统造成不利影响。尽管在地表水中检测到了多种 PhAC，但其中许多的生态毒理学研究并不存在，主要是关于它们的混合物。此外，水体可以持续接收未处理或处理后的含有微污染物的废水的排放。因此，PhAC 会发生混合和相互作用，从而增强或降低其毒性。因此，本研究评价了7种PhACs对费氏阿里弧菌的毒性，尚需文献探讨。对单独的 PhAC 及其二元和三元混合物的效果进行了评估。此外，将实验效果与浓度加成（CA）和独立作用（IA）模型进行了比较。最后，进行了环境风险评估。非诺贝特 (FEN)、氯雷他定 (LOR) 和酮洛芬 (KET) 的毒性最强，EC 分别为 0.32 mg·L、6.15 mg·L 和 36.8 mg·L。观察到 FEN + LOR、KET + LOR 和 KET + FEN + LOR 的协同效应，表明 CA 和 IA 可能低估了毒性。在一些地点，涉及藻类的 KET 以及涉及甲壳类动物和鱼类的 LOR e 17α-乙炔雌二醇 (EE2) 的环境风险很高。此外，需要通过废水处理技术实现高去除率，以达到降低 KET 和 LOR 风险商所需的浓度。因此，这项研究有助于更好地了解 PhAC 的毒性相互作用和环境风险。