In the current study, a novel heterogeneous catalyst has been prepared from waste coconut trunk biomass using an ultrasound-assisted batch reactor. It is observed from the characterization studies that the raw coconut trunk biomass consists of the maximum amount of silicon dioxide (SiO2) present in it which is further converted to mullite (composition of 3Al2O3.2SiO2) with a composition of 94.18 % (analyzed through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX) studies) is formed through the reaction in an ultrasound reactor processed at a very mild reaction temperature and reaction time 80℃ and 90mins. Synthesis of catalyst at mild process conditions will help to enhance the formation of energy-intensive products at a low cost. It is also observed from the XRD studies of raw feedstock and synthesized catalyst a change in the crystalline structure from hexagonal silicon dioxide to orthorhombic mullite shape. In comparison with the surface area of the raw biomass and mullite, a large amount of surface area ∼ 32 m2/g is observed which is due to the process of reaction in a highly intense ultrasound reactor. A change in the morphological structure of raw feedstock and synthesized catalyst is also observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The activity of the synthesized catalyst has been analyzed through its application in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is also studied., and a yield of 75 % with a conversion of 74 % is observed at process conditions of 1:3 (oil: ethanol) (volumetric ratio), 3 (wt%) of catalyst concentration and 3hrs of reaction time. A prospective aspect of the implication of the entire work to analyze the life cycle analysis (LCA) is also reported in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.

中文翻译：

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用于生物柴油生产的废弃椰子树干生物质的新型催化剂的空化辅助合成和表征


在当前的研究中，利用超声波辅助间歇式反应器从废椰子树干生物质中制备了一种新型非均相催化剂。从表征研究中观察到，原始椰子树干生物质中存在最大量的二氧化硅 (SiO2)，其进一步转化为莫来石（3Al2O3.2SiO2 的成分），成分为 94.18%（通过 Energy 分析）色散光谱（EDAX）研究）是通过超声波反应器中的反应形成的，反应温度非常温和，反应时间为80℃和90分钟。在温和的工艺条件下合成催化剂将有助于以低成本提高能源密集型产品的形成。从原料和合成催化剂的 XRD 研究中还观察到晶体结构从六方二氧化硅转变为斜方莫来石形状。与原始生物质和莫来石的表面积相比，观察到大量表面积~32 m2/g，这是由于高强度超声反应器中的反应过程所致。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析还观察到原料和合成催化剂形态结构的变化。并研究了合成催化剂在废食用油生产生物柴油中的应用，分析了其活性，在1：3（油：3）的工艺条件下，收率达75％，转化率达74％。乙醇）（体积比），催化剂浓度3（wt%），反应时间3小时。整个生命周期分析（LCA）工作的影响的前瞻性方面也报告了环境友好性和可持续性。