Health promotion (HP) interventions delivered through sports clubs have demonstrated promising outcomes among men, but less is known about which aspects of the interventions work, for whom, and under what circumstances. This rapid realist review aims to understand the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of HP interventions for men delivered through sports clubs. A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2023 for studies published after 2013 in MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases. Included studies: (a) were delivered by or in collaboration with sports clubs, (b) targeted men aged 18+ years, and (c) reported 1 or more HP outcome. A grey literature search was also performed. Studies were included in a realist synthesis based on richness and rigor. Hereafter, context-mechanisms-outcome (CMO) configurations were developed. We identified and screened 3356 studies, finally including 60 studies describing 22 interventions. Most HP interventions were delivered in high income countries, included Caucasian men aged 35–65 years with overweight/obesity, and used professional sports clubs (mostly football) for recruitment and facilities. Quantitative HP outcomes were reported across 19 interventions. Of these 19 interventions, the majority reported on weight ( = 18), physical activity ( = 12), mental health ( = 10), and diet ( = 9). We identified 12 CMOs related to how HP interventions affected men's recruitment, engagement, and health behavior maintenance. Our findings show that using sports clubs for HP interventions is effective for engaging men. Recruitment was facilitated by leveraging sports clubs’ identity, addressing masculinity-related barriers, improving accessibility, and building trust. Engagement was enhanced through shared identity experiences, safe spaces, inclusive competition, and self-efficacy. However, there's limited evidence on behavior maintenance post-intervention, though involving community stakeholders seemed vital. In general, considerations should be made to avoid perpetuating traditional masculine norms, which may exclude some men and reinforce unhealthy behaviors. These findings can guide intervention development, emphasizing the need to harness men's perspectives in the process.

中文翻译：

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通过体育俱乐部促进男性健康：系统的快速现实主义回顾


通过体育俱乐部提供的健康促进 (HP) 干预措施已在男性中显示出良好的效果，但人们对干预措施的哪些方面、对谁有效以及在什么情况下有效尚知之甚少。这一快速现实主义回顾旨在了解通过体育俱乐部对男性进行 HP 干预的背景、机制和结果。 2023 年 2 月，我们对 2013 年之后在 MEDLINE、Embase 和 SPORTDiscus 数据库中发表的研究进行了系统文献检索。纳入的研究：(a) 由体育俱乐部进行或与体育俱乐部合作进行，(b) 针对 18 岁以上的男性，(c) 报告了 1 项或多项 HP 结果。还进行了灰色文献检索。研究被纳入基于丰富性和严谨性的现实主义综合中。此后，开发了上下文机制结果（CMO）配置。我们识别并筛选了 3356 项研究，最终包括 60 项描述 22 种干预措施的研究。大多数 HP 干预措施是在高收入国家实施的，其中包括 35-65 岁超重/肥胖的白人男性，并使用专业体育俱乐部（主要是足球）进行招募和设施建设。报告了 19 项干预措施的定量 HP 结果。在这 19 项干预措施中，大多数报告了体重 (= 18)、体力活动 (= 12)、心理健康 (= 10) 和饮食 (= 9)。我们确定了 12 个与 HP 干预措施如何影响男性招募、参与和健康行为维持相关的 CMO。我们的研究结果表明，利用体育俱乐部进行 HP 干预对于吸引男性来说是有效的。通过利用体育俱乐部的身份、解决与男性气质相关的障碍、提高可及性和建立信任来促进招募。 通过共享身份体验、安全空间、包容性竞争和自我效能来增强参与度。然而，尽管社区利益相关者的参与似乎至关重要，但干预后行为维持的证据有限。一般来说，应考虑避免延续传统的男性规范，这可能会排斥一些男性并强化不健康的行为。这些发现可以指导干预措施的制定，强调在此过程中利用男性观点的必要性。