We analyze the impact of different state tax structures and resource ownership policies on natural and shale gas production. Using state-level, quarterly data from seven of the largest shale gas-producing states from 2007 to 2020, we find evidence that both the type of taxation method and the presence of a forced pooling law impact natural gas production. Using random effects models, we find that impact fees do not significantly affect either natural gas or shale gas production relative to severance taxes. Conversely, we find that in states with volume-based tax rates, quarterly natural gas production increases by 2.5 % relative to those states with revenue-based tax rates. We also find that the existence of a forced pooling law decreases quarterly natural gas production with an estimated decline of between 2.6 % to 3.8 % relative to states where no forced pooling law exists. These findings show that the restrictions imposed by forced pooling laws have larger impacts on production compared with different severance tax structures.

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州税收和资源所有权政策对开采的影响：来自美国天然气生产的证据


我们分析了不同州的税收结构和资源所有权政策对天然气和页岩气生产的影响。使用 2007 年至 2020 年七个最大页岩气生产州的州级季度数据，我们发现证据表明，征税方法的类型和强制汇集法的存在都会影响天然气生产。使用随机效应模型，我们发现相对于遣散税，影响费不会对天然气或页岩气的产量产生重大影响。相反，我们发现，在采用基于收入的税率的州，相对于采用基于收入的税率的州，季度天然气产量增加了 2.5%。我们还发现，强制汇集法的存在减少了季度天然气产量，相对于没有强制汇集法的州，估计下降了 2.6% 至 3.8%。这些发现表明，与不同的遣散税结构相比，强制汇集法施加的限制对生产的影响更大。