Warning labels from professional fact-checkers are one of the most widely used interventions against online misinformation. But are fact-checker warning labels effective for those who distrust fact-checkers? Here, in a first correlational study (N = 1,000), we validate a measure of trust in fact-checkers. Next, we conduct meta-analyses across 21 experiments (total N = 14,133) in which participants evaluated true and false news posts and were randomized to either see no warning labels or to see warning labels on a high proportion of the false posts. Warning labels were on average effective at reducing belief in (27.6% reduction), and sharing of (24.7% reduction), false headlines. While warning effects were smaller for participants with less trust in fact-checkers, warning labels nonetheless significantly reduced belief in (12.9% reduction), and sharing of (16.7% reduction), false news even for those most distrusting of fact-checkers. These results suggest that fact-checker warning labels are a broadly effective tool for combatting misinformation.

来自专业事实核查员的警告标签是针对在线错误信息使用最广泛的干预措施之一。但是，事实核查员警告标签对那些不信任事实核查员的人有效吗？在这里，在第一项相关研究 （N = 1,000） 中，我们验证了对事实核查员的信任度。接下来，我们对 21 个实验（总计 N = 14,133）进行了荟萃分析，其中参与者评估了真实和虚假的新闻帖子，并被随机分配为没有看到警告标签或在高比例的虚假帖子上看到警告标签。警告标签平均有效地减少了对虚假标题的信任（减少 27.6%）和分享（减少 24.7%）。虽然警告效果对于对事实核查员不太信任的参与者来说较小，但警告标签仍然显着降低了对虚假新闻的相信（减少 12.9%）和分享（减少 16.7%），即使对于那些最不信任事实核查员的人来说也是如此。这些结果表明，事实核查员警告标签是打击错误信息的广泛有效工具。