Wildfire activity in Arctic and boreal regions is rapidly increasing, with severe consequences for climate and human health. Regional long-term variations in fire frequency and intensity characterize fire regimes. The spatial variability in Arctic–boreal fire regimes and their environmental and anthropogenic drivers, however, remain poorly understood. Here we present a fire tracking system to map the sub-daily evolution of all circumpolar Arctic–boreal fires between 2012 and 2023 using 375 m Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite active fire detections and the resulting dataset of the ignition time, location, size, duration, spread and intensity of individual fires. We use this dataset to classify the Arctic–boreal biomes into seven distinct ‘pyroregions’ with unique climatic and geographic environments. We find that these pyroregions exhibit varying responses to environmental drivers, with boreal North America, eastern Siberia and northern tundra regions showing the highest sensitivity to climate and lightning density. In addition, anthropogenic factors play an important role in influencing fire number and size, interacting with other factors. Understanding the spatial variability of fire regimes and its interconnected drivers in the Arctic–boreal domain is important for improving future predictions of fire activity and identifying areas at risk for extreme events.

北极和北方地区的野火活动正在迅速增加，对气候和人类健康造成严重后果。火灾频率和强度的区域长期变化是火灾状况的特征。然而，人们对北极-北方火灾状况的空间变异性及其环境和人为驱动因素仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们提出了一个火灾跟踪系统，使用 375 m 可见红外成像辐射计套件主动火灾探测和生成的点火时间、位置、规模、持续时间数据集，绘制 2012 年至 2023 年间所有环极地北极 - 北方火灾的亚日演变情况、个别火灾的蔓延和强度。我们使用该数据集将北极-北方生物群落分为七个具有独特气候和地理环境的不同“火区”。我们发现这些火区对环境驱动因素表现出不同的反应，北美北部、西伯利亚东部和苔原北部地区对气候和闪电密度表现出最高的敏感性。此外，人为因素与其他因素相互作用，在影响火灾数量和规模方面发挥着重要作用。了解北极-北方地区火灾状况的空间变异性及其相互关联的驱动因素对于改善未来火灾活动的预测和识别面临极端事件风险的区域非常重要。