In addition to its established thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects, heat stress provokes alterations in macronutrient metabolism, gastrointestinal integrity, and appetite. Inadequate energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake have been implicated in reduced exercise and heat tolerance. Classic exercise heat acclimation (HA) protocols employ low-to-moderate–intensity exercise for 5–14 days, while recent studies have evolved the practice by implementing high-intensity and task-specific exercise during HA, which potentially results in impaired post-HA physical performance despite adequate heat adaptations. While there is robust literature demonstrating the performance benefit of various nutritional interventions during intensive training and competition, most HA studies implement few nutritional controls. This review summarizes the relationships between heat stress, HA, and intense exercise in connection with substrate metabolism, gastrointestinal function, and the potential consequences of reduced energy availability. We discuss the potential influence of macronutrient manipulations on HA study outcomes and suggest best practices to implement nutritional controls.

除了已确定的体温调节和心血管作用外，热应激还会引起大量营养素代谢、胃肠道完整性和食欲的改变。能量、碳水化合物和蛋白质摄入不足与运动和耐热性降低有关。经典的运动热适应 （HA） 方案采用 5-14 天的中低强度运动，而最近的研究通过在 HA 期间实施高强度和特定任务的运动来发展这种做法，这可能会导致 HA 后的身体表现受损尽管有足够的热适应。虽然有强有力的文献证明在强化训练和比赛期间各种营养干预对性能有益，但大多数 HA 研究很少实施营养控制。本综述总结了热应激、HA 和剧烈运动与底物代谢、胃肠道功能以及能量可用性降低的潜在后果之间的关系。我们讨论了宏量营养素操作对 HA 研究结果的潜在影响，并提出了实施营养控制的最佳实践。