The global spread and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has received much attention whereas knowledge about the transmission of ARGs from one matrix to another is still insufficient. In this study, the paddy fields fertilized with chemical fertilizer, swine compost, and no fertilizer were investigated to assess the transfer of ARGs from soil to rice. Soil and plant samples were collected at day 0, 7, 30 and 79 representing various stages of paddy growth. High throughput qPCR was applied to quantify ARGs using a set of 144 primers. Gene copy number of ARGs measured in soil initially decreased and then increased in soil with no fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, indicating that crop planting and flooding conditions did influence the ARGs profiles in soil. Application of swine compost significantly enhanced the relative abundance and gene copy number of ARGs in paddy soil. Rice seedlings contained substantial amount of ARGs and their relative abundance continually decreased after transplant. Compared with initial stage, detection frequencies of ARGs increased in soil without swine compost at harvest time (day 79), indicating the transmission of ARGs from irrigation water to soil. Detection frequencies of ARGs increased in soil and rice root with swine compost at harvest time, indicating the transfer of ARGs from swine compost to soil and rice root. There was no significant difference in abundance and diversity of ARGs in rice grains with these three different fertilizations. The source of the ARGs in rice grain still needs further exploration.

中文翻译：

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土壤抗生素抗性基因向稻田水稻的转移


抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的全球传播和分布受到了广泛关注，但关于 ARG 从一种基质传播到另一种基质的知识仍然不足。在本研究中，对施用化肥、猪堆肥和不施肥的稻田进行了调查，以评估 ARGs 从土壤到水稻的转移。在第 0、7、30 和 79 天收集代表水稻生长各个阶段的土壤和植物样本。使用一组 144 个引物，应用高通量 qPCR 来量化 ARG。在无肥和化肥土壤中测得的土壤中 ARG 基因拷贝数先下降，然后增加，表明作物种植和洪水条件确实影响土壤中 ARG 谱。猪堆肥的施用显着提高了稻田土壤中 ARGs 的相对丰度和基因拷贝数。水稻幼苗中含有大量的ARG，并且其相对丰度在移植后持续下降。与初始阶段相比，收获时（第79天）无猪堆肥的土壤中ARG的检测频率增加，表明ARG从灌溉水中传播到土壤。收获时猪堆肥的土壤和水稻根部中 ARGs 的检测频率增加，表明 ARGs 从猪堆肥转移到土壤和水稻根部。三种不同施肥下水稻籽粒中ARG的丰度和多样性没有显着差异。稻米中ARGs的来源仍需进一步探索。