Accurate representation of the land use/land cover (LULC) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been shown to be crucial for improved simulation of surface variables and urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. In this study, a ground truthed LULC dataset over Metro Manila (MM) was integrated in the WRF model to assess and quantify the relative contributions of using an updated land use/land cover (ULULC), activating the single-layer urban canopy model (WSLUCM) and anthropogenic heat (WAH), and consideration of urban surface heterogeneity (LIR) representation on simulated Surface Temperature (ST) relative to the default model settings (CTRL) of the WRF model. Additionally, the study examines the daytime and nighttime UHI features over MM, using a reference simulation where urban grids were replaced with cropland (CRP). Numerical simulations were carried out for April 2018, a typical dry month without monsoonal influence over MM to get a clear UHI characterization. Data from nine weather stations distributed across MM was used for performance evaluation. Results show negligible daytime biases in ST for CTRL, ULULC, and WAH, and underestimated ST for WSLUCM. At night, CTRL and ULULC (WSLUCM and WAH) tend to overestimate (underestimate) ST. Of the four factors analyzed, updating LULC, using SLUCM, including AH, and accounting for urban surface heterogeneity can change daytime ST by 0.3 °C, -0.6 °C, 0.3 °C, and 0 °C, respectively, and nighttime ST by 0.5 °C, -1.2 °C, 0.3 °C, and 0.4 °C, respectively. Widespread daytime warming and a distinct nocturnal UHI following urbanization were confirmed for MM when the LULC accounted for urban heterogeneity. While data limitations for MM limit the specification of the SLUCM, its UHI features are best represented in WRF when an updated land cover dataset is used.

中文翻译：

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改进了菲律宾马尼拉大都会地表温度和城市热岛强度的 WRF 模拟


天气研究和预报 (WRF) 模型中土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC) 的准确表示对于改进地表变量和城市热岛 (UHI) 现象的模拟至关重要。在这项研究中，马尼拉大都会 (MM) 的真实 LULC 数据集被集成到 WRF 模型中，以评估和量化使用更新的土地利用/土地覆盖 (ULULC) 的相对贡献，从而激活单层城市冠层模型（ WSLUCM）和人为热量（WAH），并考虑相对于 WRF 模型的默认模型设置（CTRL）模拟地表温度（ST）的城市地表异质性（LIR）表示。此外，该研究还使用将城市网格替换为农田 (CRP) 的参考模拟，检查了 MM 的白天和夜间 UHI 特征。对2018年4月进行了数值模拟，这是一个典型的干旱月份，对MM没有季风影响，以获得清晰的UHI特征。来自分布在 MM 的九个气象站的数据用于绩效评估。结果显示 CTRL、ULULC 和 WAH 的 ST 白天偏差可以忽略不计，而 WSLUCM 的 ST 被低估。在夜间，CTRL 和 ULULC（WSLUCM 和 WAH）倾向于高估（低估）ST。在分析的四个因素中，使用 SLUCM（包括 AH）更新 LULC 并考虑城市表面异质性可以分别将白天 ST 改变 0.3 °C、-0.6 °C、0.3 °C 和 0 °C，将夜间 ST 分别改变分别为 0.5 °C、-1.2 °C、0.3 °C 和 0.4 °C。当 LULC 考虑到城市异质性时，MM 的城市化后广泛的白天变暖和明显的夜间 UHI 得到证实。 虽然 MM 的数据限制限制了 SLUCM 的规范，但当使用更新的土地覆盖数据集时，它的 UHI 特征可以在 WRF 中得到最好的体现。