The CuO-FeO@biochar (CFB) composite, synthesized via an eco-friendly mechanical ball milling, was employed as a particle electrode in a three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical reactor to investigate its efficiency in removing sulfadiazine (SD) from antibiotic wastewater. The study revealed that the addition of 5 g/L CFB into the 3D electrochemical system significantly enhanced SD removal, achieving a removal rate of 96.2 % compared to 33.5 % in a two-dimensional system, under optimal conditions of pH 7, persulfate concentration of 4 mM, and current density of 8 mA/cm. The CFB particle electrode demonstrated superior catalytic activity compared to CuB, FeB, and CuFe particle electrodes. The ball milling process effectively reduced the agglomeration of CuO and FeO, thereby increasing the active sites of the particle electrodes. The SD displayed remarkable removal efficiency across a broad pH spectrum ranging from 2 to 9. Scavenging experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques suggested that SD removal primarily occurred via a non-radical pathway involving singlet oxygen (O). The synergistic effect between bimetallic ions and the reduction reaction at the cathode accelerated the cycling of Fe/Fe and Cu/Cu, thereby promoting PDS activation. Additionally, the positively charged surface of CFB facilitated contact with PDS through electrostatic attraction. The E-CFB-PDS system demonstrated excellent efficiency in removing antibiotics, and its stability and reusability make it a promising approach for treating organic pollutant wastewater.

中文翻译：

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三维电化学系统与过硫酸盐耦合去除水中磺胺嘧啶：球磨CuO-Fe3O4@生物炭的增强效果


通过环保机械球磨合成的CuO-FeO@生物炭（CFB）复合材料被用作三维（3D）电化学反应器中的颗粒电极，以研究其从抗生素废水中去除磺胺嘧啶（SD）的效率。研究表明，在 3D 电化学系统中添加 5 g/L CFB 显着增强了 SD 去除率，在 pH 7、过硫酸盐浓度4 mM，电流密度为 8 mA/cm。与 CuB、FeB 和 CuFe 颗粒电极相比，CFB 颗粒电极表现出优异的催化活性。球磨过程有效减少了CuO和FeO的团聚，从而增加了颗粒电极的活性位点。 SD 在 2 至 9 的广泛 pH 范围内表现出显着的去除效率。清除实验和电子顺磁共振技术表明，SD 去除主要通过涉及单线态氧 (O) 的非自由基途径发生。双金属离子与阴极还原反应的协同作用加速了Fe/Fe和Cu/Cu的循环，从而促进PDS活化。此外，CFB 的带正电表面通过静电引力促进与 PDS 的接触。 E-CFB-PDS系统在去除抗生素方面表现出优异的效率，其稳定性和可重复使用性使其成为处理有机污染物废水的有前途的方法。