Mitochondria, traditionally recognized as cellular 'powerhouses' due to their pivotal role in energy production, have emerged as multifunctional organelles at the intersection of bioenergetics, metabolic signaling, and immunity. However, the understanding of their exact contributions to immunity and inflammation is still developing. This review first introduces the innovative concept of intracellular immunity, emphasizing how mitochondria serve as critical immune signaling hubs. They are instrumental in recognizing and responding to pathogen and danger signals, and in modulating immune responses. We also propose mitochondria as the leading immune organelles, drawing parallels with the broader immune system in their functions of antigen presentation, immune regulation, and immune response. Our comprehensive review explores mitochondrial immune signaling pathways, their therapeutic potential in managing inflammation and chronic diseases, and discusses cutting-edge methodologies for mitochondrial research. Targeting a broad readership of both experts in mitochondrial functions and newcomers to the field, this review sets forth new directions that could transform our understanding of intracellular immunity and the integrated immune functions of intracellular organelles.

中文翻译：

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细胞内免疫学的新范式：线粒体成为领先的免疫细胞器


线粒体由于其在能量产生中的关键作用而传统上被认为是细胞“发电厂”，现已成为生物能量学、代谢信号传导和免疫力交叉点的多功能细胞器。然而，对它们对免疫和炎症的确切贡献的理解仍在发展中。这篇综述首先介绍了细胞内免疫的创新概念，强调了线粒体如何作为关键的免疫信号枢纽。它们有助于识别和响应病原体和危险信号，以及调节免疫反应。我们还提出线粒体是主要的免疫细胞器，在抗原呈递、免疫调节和免疫反应的功能方面与更广泛的免疫系统相提并论。我们的全面综述探讨了线粒体免疫信号通路、它们在管理炎症和慢性疾病方面的治疗潜力，并讨论了线粒体研究的前沿方法。本综述针对线粒体功能专家和该领域的新人的广泛读者群，提出了新的方向，这些方向可能会改变我们对细胞内免疫和细胞内细胞器综合免疫功能的理解。