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Silver Sulfide Nanocrystals and Their Photodetector Applications
Accounts of Materials Research ( IF 14.0 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-30 , DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.4c00109 Jisu Kwon 1 , Yoonbin Shin 1 , Yunmo Sung 1 , Hyunmi Doh 1 , Sungjee Kim 1, 2
Accounts of Materials Research ( IF 14.0 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-30 , DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.4c00109 Jisu Kwon 1 , Yoonbin Shin 1 , Yunmo Sung 1 , Hyunmi Doh 1 , Sungjee Kim 1, 2
Affiliation
Silver sulfide nanocrystals (Ag2S NCs) exhibit unique infrared (IR) absorption and emission capabilities, drawing great interest for their broad applicability. These NCs are considered environmentally friendly alternatives to heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) chalcogenides. This Account provides a comprehensive overview based on our research on Ag2S NCs. We investigated their synthesis over size and shape, surface stoichiometry control, postsynthetic surface composition change, and optoelectronic application. The work began with developing a synthesis protocol for the Ag2S NCs. Size-tunable and nearly monodisperse NCs were obtained through the precise control of precursor ratio. The ability to manipulate the size of the NCs enabled us to explore and adjust their optical properties. Another important aspect of the research focused on the mechanism of shape transformation. The evolution of the NCs from their initial spherical structure to more complex shapes such as rods and cubes was observed. Through rigorous investigations using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), we studied the relationship between the morphological changes and crystal facets. Investigations were also extended to surface chemistry, where methods were developed to tune the surface stoichiometry of Ag2S NCs. Perfectly stoichiometric-surfaced Ag2S NCs synthesized through ion-pair ligand-assisted surface reactions exhibited significantly increased photoluminescence (PL) and an enhanced epitaxial ZnS growth rate. Finally, we explored the cation exchange reactions of Ag2S NCs. The cation exchange reaction with indium (In) ions yielded AgInS2 NCs with size-dependent crystal structures: tetragonal for small NCs and orthorhombic for large NCs. A critical size at around 4.3 nm was observed, representing a trade-off between a thermodynamically more stable tetragonal structure and an orthorhombic structure that preserves the anionic framework. Throughout this Account, we address the challenges for the application of Ag2S NCs and propose future directions including advancements in synthesis techniques, surface chemistry, and their applications. Ag2S NCs typically show limitations such as low chemical and electrical stability, which may originate from the low lattice energy and high concentration of cation vacancies. However, such unique features can be advantageous for some applications, for example, acceptor materials in photomultiplication (PM)-type photodiodes. PM-type photodiodes were developed by combining polymeric semiconductors and Ag2S NCs. These photodiodes can amplify signals by trapping electrons within Ag2S NCs. These NCs efficiently trap multiple charge carriers from donor materials, in which their typical disadvantage is reinterpreted as a beneficial attribute for advanced device applications. In order to enhance the electron trapping efficiency, we synthesized Ag2S NCs with a cation-rich surface were synthesized. This electron trapping property resulted in an optimized PM-type photodiode with a high EQE of over 170,000% and a specific detectivity of 3 × 1013 Jones. We anticipate that this Account will provide comprehensive insights into the chemistry and optoelectronic applications of the Ag2S NCs.
中文翻译:
硫化银纳米晶及其光电探测器应用
硫化银纳米晶体(Ag 2 S NCs)表现出独特的红外(IR)吸收和发射能力,因其广泛的适用性而引起人们极大的兴趣。这些NC被认为是铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和镉(Cd)硫族化物等重金属的环保替代品。本报告根据我们对 Ag 2 S NC 的研究提供了全面的概述。我们研究了它们的尺寸和形状合成、表面化学计量控制、合成后表面成分变化以及光电应用。这项工作首先是开发 Ag 2 S NC 的合成方案。通过精确控制前驱体比例,获得了尺寸可调且几乎单分散的NC。操纵 NC 尺寸的能力使我们能够探索和调整它们的光学特性。研究的另一个重要方面集中在形状转变的机制上。观察到NC从最初的球形结构演变为更复杂的形状,例如棒状和立方体。通过使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)的严格研究,我们研究了形态变化和晶面之间的关系。研究还扩展到表面化学,开发了调整 Ag 2 S NC 表面化学计量的方法。通过离子对配体辅助表面反应合成的完美化学计量表面Ag 2 S NCs表现出显着增加的光致发光(PL)和增强的外延ZnS生长速率。最后,我们探索了Ag 2 S NCs 的阳离子交换反应。 与铟 (In) 离子的阳离子交换反应产生了具有尺寸依赖性晶体结构的 AgInS 2 NC:小 NC 为四方晶系,大 NC 为斜方晶系。观察到 4.3 nm 左右的临界尺寸,代表热力学上更稳定的四方结构和保留阴离子框架的斜方结构之间的权衡。在本报告中,我们解决了 Ag 2 S NC 应用的挑战,并提出了未来的方向,包括合成技术、表面化学及其应用的进步。 Ag 2 S NCs 通常表现出化学稳定性和电稳定性低等局限性,这可能源于低晶格能和高浓度的阳离子空位。然而,这种独特的特征对于某些应用可能是有利的,例如光电倍增(PM)型光电二极管中的受主材料。 PM型光电二极管是通过结合聚合物半导体和Ag 2 S NC而开发的。这些光电二极管可以通过在 Ag 2 S NC 内捕获电子来放大信号。这些NC可以有效地从供体材料中捕获多个电荷载流子,其中它们的典型缺点被重新解释为先进器件应用的有利属性。为了提高电子捕获效率,我们合成了表面富含阳离子的Ag 2 S NCs。这种电子捕获特性导致优化的 PM 型光电二极管具有超过 170,000% 的高 EQE 和 3 × 10 13 Jones 的比探测率。 我们预计本报告将为 Ag 2 S NC 的化学和光电应用提供全面的见解。
更新日期:2024-08-30
中文翻译:
硫化银纳米晶及其光电探测器应用
硫化银纳米晶体(Ag 2 S NCs)表现出独特的红外(IR)吸收和发射能力,因其广泛的适用性而引起人们极大的兴趣。这些NC被认为是铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和镉(Cd)硫族化物等重金属的环保替代品。本报告根据我们对 Ag 2 S NC 的研究提供了全面的概述。我们研究了它们的尺寸和形状合成、表面化学计量控制、合成后表面成分变化以及光电应用。这项工作首先是开发 Ag 2 S NC 的合成方案。通过精确控制前驱体比例,获得了尺寸可调且几乎单分散的NC。操纵 NC 尺寸的能力使我们能够探索和调整它们的光学特性。研究的另一个重要方面集中在形状转变的机制上。观察到NC从最初的球形结构演变为更复杂的形状,例如棒状和立方体。通过使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)的严格研究,我们研究了形态变化和晶面之间的关系。研究还扩展到表面化学,开发了调整 Ag 2 S NC 表面化学计量的方法。通过离子对配体辅助表面反应合成的完美化学计量表面Ag 2 S NCs表现出显着增加的光致发光(PL)和增强的外延ZnS生长速率。最后,我们探索了Ag 2 S NCs 的阳离子交换反应。 与铟 (In) 离子的阳离子交换反应产生了具有尺寸依赖性晶体结构的 AgInS 2 NC:小 NC 为四方晶系,大 NC 为斜方晶系。观察到 4.3 nm 左右的临界尺寸,代表热力学上更稳定的四方结构和保留阴离子框架的斜方结构之间的权衡。在本报告中,我们解决了 Ag 2 S NC 应用的挑战,并提出了未来的方向,包括合成技术、表面化学及其应用的进步。 Ag 2 S NCs 通常表现出化学稳定性和电稳定性低等局限性,这可能源于低晶格能和高浓度的阳离子空位。然而,这种独特的特征对于某些应用可能是有利的,例如光电倍增(PM)型光电二极管中的受主材料。 PM型光电二极管是通过结合聚合物半导体和Ag 2 S NC而开发的。这些光电二极管可以通过在 Ag 2 S NC 内捕获电子来放大信号。这些NC可以有效地从供体材料中捕获多个电荷载流子,其中它们的典型缺点被重新解释为先进器件应用的有利属性。为了提高电子捕获效率,我们合成了表面富含阳离子的Ag 2 S NCs。这种电子捕获特性导致优化的 PM 型光电二极管具有超过 170,000% 的高 EQE 和 3 × 10 13 Jones 的比探测率。 我们预计本报告将为 Ag 2 S NC 的化学和光电应用提供全面的见解。