Cryopreservation presents a critical challenge due to cryo-damage, such as crystallization and osmotic imbalances that compromise the integrity of biological tissues and cells. In contrast, various organisms in nature exhibit remarkable freezing tolerance, leveraging complex molecular mechanisms to survive extreme cold. This review explores the adaptive strategies of freeze-tolerant species, including the regulation of specific genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways, to enhance survival in low-temperature environments. We then discuss recent advancements in cryopreservation technologies that aim to mimic these natural phenomena to preserve cellular and tissue integrity. Special focus is given to the roles of glucose metabolism, microRNA expression, and cryoprotective protein modulation in improving cryopreservation outcomes. The insights gained from studying natural antifreeze mechanisms offer promising directions for advancing cryopreservation techniques, with potential applications in medical, agricultural, and conservation fields. Future research should aim to further elucidate these molecular mechanisms to develop more effective and reliable cryopreservation methods.

中文翻译：

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天然防冻现象的分子机制及其在低温保存中的应用


由于冷冻损伤，冷冻保存带来了关键挑战，例如结晶和渗透失衡，这些都会损害生物组织和细胞的完整性。相比之下，自然界中的各种生物表现出非凡的耐冻性，利用复杂的分子机制在极端寒冷中生存。本文探讨了耐冻物种的适应性策略，包括特定基因、蛋白质和代谢途径的调控，以提高低温环境中的生存能力。然后，我们讨论了低温保存技术的最新进展，这些技术旨在模拟这些自然现象以保持细胞和组织的完整性。特别关注葡萄糖代谢、microRNA 表达和冷冻保护蛋白调节在改善冷冻保存结果中的作用。从研究天然防冻机理中获得的见解为推进低温保存技术提供了有希望的方向，在医疗、农业和保护领域具有潜在的应用。未来的研究应旨在进一步阐明这些分子机制，以开发更有效和可靠的冷冻保存方法。