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Film-forming polymer nanoparticle strategy for improving the passivation and stability of perovskite solar cells
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-29 , DOI: 10.1039/d4ee01073f Zhenyu Jia 1 , Ran Wang 1 , Lei Zhu 2 , Amal Altujjar 1, 3 , Polina Jacoutot 4 , Osama M. Alkhudhari 1, 5 , Muhamad Z. Mokhtar 1, 6 , Ben F. Spencer 1, 7 , Nigel W. Hodson 8 , Xuelian Wang 1 , Mollie Osborne-Richards 1 , Andrew G. Thomas 1, 7 , Teruo Hashimoto 1 , Michael Faulkner 1 , David J. Lewis 1 , Saif A. Haque 4 , M. Saiful Islam 2 , Jennifer M. Saunders 1 , Brian R. Saunders 1
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-08-29 , DOI: 10.1039/d4ee01073f Zhenyu Jia 1 , Ran Wang 1 , Lei Zhu 2 , Amal Altujjar 1, 3 , Polina Jacoutot 4 , Osama M. Alkhudhari 1, 5 , Muhamad Z. Mokhtar 1, 6 , Ben F. Spencer 1, 7 , Nigel W. Hodson 8 , Xuelian Wang 1 , Mollie Osborne-Richards 1 , Andrew G. Thomas 1, 7 , Teruo Hashimoto 1 , Michael Faulkner 1 , David J. Lewis 1 , Saif A. Haque 4 , M. Saiful Islam 2 , Jennifer M. Saunders 1 , Brian R. Saunders 1
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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) provide excellent potential for large-scale solar energy harvesting because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and facile preparation. However, long-term stability remains the Achilles heel for PSCs and new methods for improving stability are urgently needed. Film-forming polymer nanoparticles are widely used in the surface coatings industry to provide scalable, low-cost protection to surfaces. Inspired by this, here we add three soft, film-forming crosslinked polymer nanoparticle systems (nanogels) with different diameters (60, 100 and 200 nm) to the perovskite (FA0.75MA0.25PbI3) precursor solution and study their effects on PSC performance. The nanogels contain hydrophilic ethylene oxide repeat units and form films when their diameter is less than or equal to 100 nm. Device stability was assessed using shelf-life and light-soaking measurements; in addition, films were subjected to moisture challenge tests. We show that nanogel coverage increases the PCE and stability. Ab initio simulations indicate strong binding of the molecules that comprise the nanogels on the perovskite surface through Pb–O bonds, thereby promoting enhanced surface stability in agreement with the XPS and FTIR signals associated with the binding of the C![[double bond, length as m-dash]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_e001.gif)
O and C–O groups to Pb. Shelf-life stability measurements showed that nanogels with a diameter of 100 nm gave devices that retained >80% of their initial PCE after more than six months compared to 25% for the control. In contrast, the 200 nm nanogels did not form films or increase the PCE or shelf-life stability. The 100 nm nanogels also gave the best stability to light soaking. Our results show that highly deformable hydrophilic film-forming nanogel particles with a size of ∼100 nm provide a scalable alternative approach for improving passivation and stability of PSCs.
中文翻译：
提高钙钛矿太阳能电池钝化和稳定性的成膜聚合物纳米颗粒策略
钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）由于其高功率转换效率（PCE）且易于制备，为大规模太阳能收集提供了巨大的潜力。然而，长期稳定性仍然是 PSC 的致命弱点，迫切需要提高稳定性的新方法。成膜聚合物纳米粒子广泛应用于表面涂料行业，为表面提供可扩展、低成本的保护。受此启发，我们在钙钛矿（FA 0.75 MA 0.25 PbI 3 ）前驱体溶液中添加了三种不同直径（60、100和200 nm）的柔软成膜交联聚合物纳米粒子系统（纳米凝胶），并研究了它们对PSC的影响表现。纳米凝胶含有亲水性环氧乙烷重复单元，当其直径小于或等于100 nm时形成薄膜。使用保质期和光浸泡测量来评估设备稳定性；此外，薄膜还经过了潮湿挑战测试。我们表明纳米凝胶覆盖提高了 PCE 和稳定性。从头算模拟表明，组成纳米凝胶的分子通过 Pb-O 键与钙钛矿表面形成强结合，从而促进表面稳定性增强，这与与 C 结合相关的 XPS 和 FTIR 信号一致 O 和 C–O 基团至 Pb。保质期稳定性测量表明，直径为 100 nm 的纳米凝胶使设备在六个月以上后保留了 >80% 的初始 PCE，而对照物为 25%。相比之下，200 nm 纳米凝胶不会形成薄膜或增加 PCE 或保质期稳定性。 100 nm 纳米凝胶还具有最佳的光浸泡稳定性。我们的结果表明，尺寸约为 100 nm 的高度可变形亲水成膜纳米凝胶颗粒为改善 PSC 的钝化和稳定性提供了一种可扩展的替代方法。
更新日期：2024-08-30
O and C–O groups to Pb. Shelf-life stability measurements showed that nanogels with a diameter of 100 nm gave devices that retained >80% of their initial PCE after more than six months compared to 25% for the control. In contrast, the 200 nm nanogels did not form films or increase the PCE or shelf-life stability. The 100 nm nanogels also gave the best stability to light soaking. Our results show that highly deformable hydrophilic film-forming nanogel particles with a size of ∼100 nm provide a scalable alternative approach for improving passivation and stability of PSCs.
中文翻译：
提高钙钛矿太阳能电池钝化和稳定性的成膜聚合物纳米颗粒策略
钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）由于其高功率转换效率（PCE）且易于制备，为大规模太阳能收集提供了巨大的潜力。然而，长期稳定性仍然是 PSC 的致命弱点，迫切需要提高稳定性的新方法。成膜聚合物纳米粒子广泛应用于表面涂料行业，为表面提供可扩展、低成本的保护。受此启发，我们在钙钛矿（FA 0.75 MA 0.25 PbI 3 ）前驱体溶液中添加了三种不同直径（60、100和200 nm）的柔软成膜交联聚合物纳米粒子系统（纳米凝胶），并研究了它们对PSC的影响表现。纳米凝胶含有亲水性环氧乙烷重复单元，当其直径小于或等于100 nm时形成薄膜。使用保质期和光浸泡测量来评估设备稳定性；此外，薄膜还经过了潮湿挑战测试。我们表明纳米凝胶覆盖提高了 PCE 和稳定性。从头算模拟表明，组成纳米凝胶的分子通过 Pb-O 键与钙钛矿表面形成强结合，从而促进表面稳定性增强，这与与 C 结合相关的 XPS 和 FTIR 信号一致
O 和 C–O 基团至 Pb。保质期稳定性测量表明，直径为 100 nm 的纳米凝胶使设备在六个月以上后保留了 >80% 的初始 PCE，而对照物为 25%。相比之下，200 nm 纳米凝胶不会形成薄膜或增加 PCE 或保质期稳定性。 100 nm 纳米凝胶还具有最佳的光浸泡稳定性。我们的结果表明，尺寸约为 100 nm 的高度可变形亲水成膜纳米凝胶颗粒为改善 PSC 的钝化和稳定性提供了一种可扩展的替代方法。
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