Surface moisture has recently been reported to be used in regional-scale landslide early warning. Nevertheless, near-surface multi-depth hydrothermal measurements as a hillslope scale are often less concerned and rarely linked to landslide kinematics. In this paper, we selected two neighboring landslides with different deformation mechanisms as case studies. Using in-situ multi-source sensors, we monitored real-time soil temperature and moisture at specific depths within approximately 1.5 m. The measurements span two complete monsoon seasons, representing concurrent dry and wet hydrological extremes. Statistical Pearson correlation analysis was employed to quantify the relationships between landslide activity and environmental variables such as soil temperature and moisture content. The results indicate that the near-surface soil temperatures and moisture contents contribute to a better understanding of the factors controlling landslide activity, in which variations synergistically reflect hydrothermal interaction and potential deformation mechanisms. These soil temperatures and moisture contents at certain depths (specifically at 20, 50, and even 100 cm) show moderate to strong correlations (with Pearson correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.4 to 0.8) with landslide deformation. In cases where discrete daily rainfall data exhibited unsatisfactory correlations due to their data attributes, soil temperature and moisture effectively served as alternative indicators for rainfall inputs, aiding in the analysis. Overall, this work emphasizes the critical influence of soil moisture and temperature on landslide dynamics. This study also highlights the need for comprehensive monitoring and forecasting strategies that consider a wide range of environmental factors to mitigate landslide risks associated with climate change, particularly in the context of intensified extreme weather events.

中文翻译：

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近地表土壤热液响应反馈滑坡活动及机制


最近有报道称，地表湿度可用于区域规模的滑坡预警。然而，以山坡尺度进行的近地表多深度热液测量通常较少受到关注，也很少与滑坡运动学联系起来。在本文中，我们选择了两个具有不同变形机制的相邻滑坡作为案例研究。利用原位多源传感器，我们监测了约1.5 m内特定深度的实时土壤温度和湿度。测量跨越两个完整的季风季节，代表同时发生的干旱和湿润水文极端情况。采用统计皮尔逊相关分析来量化滑坡活动与土壤温度和水分含量等环境变量之间的关系。结果表明，近地表土壤温度和含水量有助于更好地了解控制滑坡活动的因素，其中的变化协同反映了水热相互作用和潜在的变形机制。某些深度（特别是20、50甚至100厘米）的土壤温度和含水量与滑坡变形表现出中度至强相关性（皮尔逊相关系数值范围为0.4至0.8）。如果离散的每日降雨量数据由于其数据属性而表现出不令人满意的相关性，则土壤温度和湿度有效地充当降雨量输入的替代指标，有助于分析。总的来说，这项工作强调了土壤湿度和温度对滑坡动力学的关键影响。 这项研究还强调需要制定综合监测和预报策略，考虑广泛的环境因素，以减轻与气候变化相关的山体滑坡风险，特别是在极端天气事件加剧的情况下。