Although it is more cost-effective, producing hydrogen through acidic seawater splitting systems is still difficult, especially when it comes to creating highly effective, highly resistant chlorine corrosion bifunctional catalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, under the addition of phosphotungstic acid and the etching effect of oxalic acid, we develop bifunctional P/W dual-doped RuO_x nanocrystals for acidic overall seawater splitting, showing overpotentials of 45 and 158 mV for the HER and OER at 10 mA cm⁻², respectively, and accompanied by a strong corrosion resistance towards seawater. Accordingly, the two-electrode system requires only 1.47 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² and maintains a high stability over 50 h. The P/W dual doping modulates the electrical environment of Ru sites, and the addition of oxalic acid encourages the exposure of more active sites, both of which contribute to the enhancement of seawater electrolysis. Theoretical calculations further manifest that the energy barriers of the HER and OER can be lowered by the dual-doping. Moreover, we found a positive influence of Cl⁻ on the catalytic activity of acidic seawater splitting. Our work offers a promising strategy to significantly increase the catalytic efficiency of Ru-based catalysts for the generation of green hydrogen from acidic seawater in a sustainable manner.

中文翻译：

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磷-钨双掺杂提高了 RuOx 纳米晶体的酸性整体海水分解性能


虽然成本效益更高，但通过酸性海水裂解系统生产氢气仍然很困难，特别是在为析氧反应（OER）和析氢反应（HER）创建高效、高抗氯腐蚀双功能催化剂时。在此，在磷钨酸的添加和草酸的蚀刻作用下，我们开发了用于酸性整体海水分解的双功能P/W双掺杂RuO _x纳米晶体，在10 mA cm下的HER和OER表现出45和158 mV的过电位^-2 ，并且对海水具有很强的耐腐蚀性。因此，双电极系统仅需要1.47 V即可达到10 mA cm ^-2的电流密度，并在50小时内保持高稳定性。 P/W双掺杂调节Ru位点的电环境，草酸的添加促进更多活性位点的暴露，这两者都有助于增强海水电解。理论计算进一步表明，双掺杂可以降低HER和OER的能垒。此外，我们发现 Cl ^-对酸性海水分解的催化活性有积极影响。我们的工作提供了一种有前途的策略，可以显着提高钌基催化剂的催化效率，以可持续的方式从酸性海水中产生绿色氢气。