Victims of crime have seen a significant shift in the criminal justice approaches towards them over time: from rather passive observers of the conflict between the state and the offender to more active agents whose thoughts, wishes and emotions are allowed to be voiced and whose participation is recognised as legitimate in its own right within the criminal process. The article analyses to what extent this empowerment shift is reflected in Slovenia, specifically how the criminal law acknowledges and defines the victim in the criminal justice setting. While the European Union (EU) legislation in this area, as a top-down factor in shaping the rights and status of the victim, has provided an important impetus for legislative changes, particularly in relation to certain aspects, rights and categories of crime victims, as well as the definition of the victim, the more conceptual recent transformations (e.g. an altered model of rape) arose out of changed societal sensitivities spurred by triggering events and a wider social and political context. Implications and outstanding challenges are discussed in the concluding section.

中文翻译：

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自上而下和自下而上因素对受害者地位塑造的影响：对斯洛文尼亚近期受害者赋权转变的研究


随着时间的推移，犯罪受害者看到了刑事司法对待他们的方式发生了重大转变：从国家与犯罪者之间冲突的相当被动的观察者，转变为更积极的代理人，他们的思想、愿望和情感被允许表达，他们的参与也被允许在刑事诉讼程序中其本身的权利被承认是合法的。本文分析了斯洛文尼亚在多大程度上反映了这种赋权转变，特别是刑法如何在刑事司法环境中承认和定义受害者。而欧盟在这一领域的立法作为塑造受害人权利和地位的自上而下的因素，为立法变革提供了重要推动力，特别是在犯罪受害人的某些方面、权利和类别方面。以及受害者的定义一样，最近概念性的转变（例如强奸模式的改变）源于触发事件和更广泛的社会和政治背景所引发的社会敏感性的变化。结论部分讨论了影响和突出的挑战。