Ostracism-being ignored and excluded-is part of many individuals' daily lives. Yet, ostracism is often studied in laboratory settings and rarely in natural settings. Here, we report one of the first investigations into ostracism in everyday life by documenting how often and where ostracism occurs; who the sources of ostracism are; and how ostracism affects targets' feelings and behaviors. Two experience sampling studies using event-contingent (N = 323, k = 1,107 ostracism experiences in 14 days) and time-signaling sampling approaches (N = 272, k = 7,943 assessments including 767 ostracism experiences in 7 days) show that ostracism is an aversive experience that takes place in a range of contexts and relationships, as often as two to three times per week on average. Reconciling previously mixed findings regarding ostracism's effects on behavior and extending existing theory, we propose a novel framework of behavioral reactions based on need-threat levels: When psychological needs are severely threatened, individuals react to everyday ostracism with avoidance (i.e., withdrawal) and antisocial inclinations (i.e., they exhibit significantly stronger antisocial intentions, although they do not engage in antisocial behavior more frequently). Conversely, when psychological needs are threatened to a lesser extent, individuals are more likely to adopt approach behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior, talking to others, or connecting with them on social media). Our findings considerably extend present theorizing in ostracism research as they allow to understand when and how individuals experience everyday ostracism and how behavioral reactions after ostracism form in real life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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日常生活中的排斥：现实生活中威胁和行为反应的框架。


排斥——被忽视和排斥——是许多人日常生活的一部分。然而，排斥现象通常在实验室环境中进行研究，很少在自然环境中进行研究。在这里，我们通过记录排斥发生的频率和地点，报告了对日常生活中排斥的首次调查之一；排斥的根源是谁；以及排斥如何影响目标的感受和行为。两项经验抽样研究使用事件相关（N = 323，k = 14 天内 1,107 次排斥经历）和时间信号抽样方法（N = 272，k = 7,943 次评估，包括 7 天内 767 次排斥经历）表明，排斥是一种在一系列环境和关系中发生的厌恶体验，平均每周发生两到三次。协调先前关于排斥对行为影响的混杂研究结果并扩展现有理论，我们提出了一个基于需求威胁水平的行为反应的新框架：当心理需求受到严重威胁时，个人会对日常排斥做出回避（即退缩）和反社会的反应倾向（即，他们表现出明显更强的反社会意图，尽管他们并不更频繁地从事反社会行为）。相反，当心理需求受到较小程度的威胁时，个体更有可能采取接近行为（即亲社会行为、与他人交谈或在社交媒体上与他们联系）。我们的研究结果极大地扩展了目前排斥研究的理论，因为它们使我们能够了解个人何时以及如何经历日常排斥，以及排斥后在现实生活中如何形成行为反应。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。