Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital for cell-to-cell communication, transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in various physiological and pathological processes. They play crucial roles in immune modulation and tissue regeneration but are also involved in pathogenic conditions like inflammation and degenerative disorders. EVs have heterogeneous populations and cargo, with numerous subpopulations currently under investigations. EV therapy shows promise in stimulating tissue repair and serving as a drug delivery vehicle, offering advantages over cell therapy, such as ease of engineering and minimal risk of tumorigenesis. However, challenges remain, including inconsistent nomenclature, complex characterization, and underdeveloped large-scale production protocols. This review highlights the recent advances and significance of EVs heterogeneity, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of their roles in disease pathologies to develop tailored EV therapies for clinical applications in neurological disorders. This paper reviews recent advances in EV subpopulation and characterization. We discuss the potential of EVs to address multiple aspects of neurological diseases, including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier leakage. The review emphasizes the complexity and heterogeneity of EVs, highlighting the need for better characterization and classification to optimize therapeutic applications. By understanding EV subtypes and their roles, we can develop more effective and tailored EV therapies for clinical use in treating neurological conditions.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡治疗神经系统疾病


细胞外囊泡（EV）对于细胞间通讯、在各种生理和病理过程中转移蛋白质、脂质和核酸至关重要。它们在免疫调节和组织再生中发挥着至关重要的作用，但也参与炎症和退行性疾病等致病性疾病。电动汽车拥有不同的群体和货物，目前有许多亚群体正在接受调查。 EV疗法在刺激组织修复和作为药物输送载体方面显示出前景，与细胞疗法相比具有优势，例如易于工程设计和最小的肿瘤发生风险。然而，挑战仍然存在，包括不一致的命名、复杂的表征和不发达的大规模生产协议。本综述强调了 EV 异质性的最新进展和意义，强调需要更好地了解它们在疾病病理学中的作用，以开发适合神经系统疾病临床应用的定制 EV 疗法。本文回顾了 EV 亚群和表征的最新进展。我们讨论了 EV 解决神经系统疾病多个方面的潜力，包括神经炎症、线粒体功能障碍、细胞凋亡和血脑屏障渗漏。该综述强调了 EV 的复杂性和异质性，强调需要更好的表征和分类以优化治疗应用。通过了解 EV 亚型及其作用，我们可以开发更有效和定制的 EV 疗法，用于临床治疗神经系统疾病。