A series of four studies systematically investigated the boundary conditions of the shame-concealment/pride-exposure relationship through an experimental paradigm. Experiment 1 developed an experimental procedure to assess the shame/pride-concealment/exposure relationship. Shame and pride were induced by randomly assigning participants to either low or high fictitious IQ score conditions, followed by an assessment of concealment and exposure behaviors. The results suggested a strong relationship between failure and concealment, as well as between success and exposure behaviors, a finding that was replicated in the subsequent three experiments. Experiment 2 examined the sensitivity of the shame-concealment relationship to changes in social status by manipulating the relevance of those to whom IQ scores would be disclosed. The results suggested weak to moderate evidence for the effect of status relevance on the shame-concealment relationship. Experiment 3 investigated whether concealment was specific to IQ scores or generalized to other types of information. Moderate evidence was found for the generalization of concealment beyond IQ scores. Experiment 4 distinguished between the effects of receiving a low/high score, the disclosure of the score, and the anticipation of its disclosure on shame feelings and concealment behavior. Results suggested moderate support for the effect of receiving the score on the elicitation of shame and concealment, with inconclusive support for the effect of disclosure compared to anticipated disclosure. The relevance of these results to theories of shame and pride, intra- and interpersonal determinants, and a functional perspective on emotions is discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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羞耻与骄傲的功能与机制研究：羞耻/骄傲与隐瞒/暴露行为关系的系统考察。


一系列四项研究通过实验范式系统地研究了羞耻-隐藏/骄傲-暴露关系的边界条件。实验 1 开发了一个实验程序来评估羞耻/骄傲-隐藏/暴露关系。通过将参与者随机分配到低或高的虚构智商分数条件，然后对隐藏和暴露行为进行评估，诱发羞耻和自豪。结果表明，失败与隐藏行为之间以及成功与暴露行为之间存在密切关系，这一发现在随后的三个实验中得到了重复。实验2通过操纵智商得分被披露者的相关性，检验了羞耻-隐藏关系对社会地位变化的敏感性。结果表明，地位相关性对羞耻-隐瞒关系的影响有弱到中等的证据。实验 3 研究了隐藏是特定于智商分数还是泛化于其他类型的信息。我们发现了适度的证据来证明隐瞒的普遍性超出了智商分数。实验 4 区分了获得低/高分数、分数的披露以及分数披露的预期对羞耻感和隐瞒行为的影响。结果表明，对获得分数对引发羞耻和隐瞒的影响有中等支持，与预期披露相比，对披露效果的支持尚不确定。讨论了这些结果与羞耻和骄傲理论、内部和人际决定因素以及情绪功能视角的相关性。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。