BACKGROUND Phenols and parabens are two classes of high production volume chemicals that are used widely in consumer and personal care products and have been associated with reproductive harm and pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. However, studies examining their influence on maternal blood pressure and gestational hypertension are limited. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between individual phenols, parabens, and their mixture on maternal blood pressure measurements, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and hypertension during pregnancy (defined as stage 1 or 2 hypertension), among N=1,433 Puerto Rico PROTECT study participants. METHODS We examined these relationships cross-sectionally at two time points during pregnancy (16-20 and 24-28 wks gestation) and longitudinally using linear mixed models (LMMs). Finally, we used quantile g-computation to examine the mixture effect on continuous (SBP, DBP) and binary (hypertension during pregnancy) blood pressure outcomes. RESULTS We observed a trend of higher odds of hypertension during pregnancy with exposure to multiple analytes and the overall mixture [including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), triclocarbon (TCC), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), methyl paraben (M-PB), propyl paraben (P-PB), butyl paraben (B-PB), and ethyl paraben (E-PB)], especially at 24-28 wk gestation, with an adjusted mixture odds ratio(OR)=1.57 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.38). Lower SBP and higher DBP were also associated with individual analytes, with results from LMMs most consistent for methyl paraben (M-PB) or propyl paraben (P-PB) and increased DBP across pregnancy [adjusted M-PB β=0.78 (95% CI: 0.17, 1.38) and adjusted P-PB β=0.85 (95% CI: 0.19, 1.51)] and for BPA, which was associated with decreased SBP (adjusted β=-0.57; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.05). Consistent with other literature, we also found evidence of effect modification by fetal sex, with a strong inverse association observed between the overall exposure mixture and SBP at visit 1 among participants carrying female fetuses only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that phenol and paraben exposure may collectively increase the risk of stage 1 or 2 hypertension during pregnancy, which has important implications for fetal and maternal health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14008.

中文翻译：

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酚类、对羟基苯甲酸酯及其混合物与 PROTECT 队列中孕产妇血压测量值的关联。


背景 酚类和对羟基苯甲酸酯是两类大批量生产的化学品，广泛用于消费品和个人护理产品中，与生殖危害和妊娠并发症有关，例如子痫前期和妊娠糖尿病。然而，研究它们对孕产妇血压和妊娠高血压影响的研究是有限的。目的 我们调查了单个酚类、对羟基苯甲酸酯及其混合物与孕产妇血压测量之间的关联，包括 N=1,433 名波多黎各 PROTECT 研究参与者的收缩压和舒张压（SBP 和 DBP）以及妊娠期高血压（定义为 1 期或 2 期高血压）。方法 我们在怀孕期间的两个时间点 （妊娠 16-20 周和 24-28 周） 和纵向使用线性混合模型 （LMM） 对这些关系进行了横断面检查。最后，我们使用分位数 g 计算来检查混合对连续 （SBP、DBP） 和二元 （妊娠期高血压） 血压结果的影响。结果我们观察到，暴露于多种分析物和整体混合物 [包括双酚 A （BPA）、双酚 S （BPS）、三氯碳 （TCC）、三氯生 （TCS）、二苯甲酮-3 （BP-3）、2,4-二氯苯酚 （2,4-DCP）、2,5-二氯苯酚 （2,5-DCP）、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 （M-PB）、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯 （P-PB）、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯 （B-PB） 和对羟基苯甲酸乙酯 （E-PB）] 的几率较高，尤其是在妊娠 24-28 周时， 调整后的混合比值比 （OR）=1.57 （95% CI： 1.03， 2.38）。较低的 SBP 和较高的 DBP 也与单个分析物相关，对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 （M-PB） 或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯 （P-PB） 的 LMM 结果最一致，并且整个妊娠期间 DBP 增加 [调整后的 M-PB β=0.78 （95% CI： 0.17， 1.38） 和调整后的 P-PB β=0.85 （95% CI： 0.19， 1.51）] 和 BPA，它与 SBP 降低相关 （调整后的 β=-0.57;95% CI： -1.09， -0.05）。与其他文献一致，我们还发现了胎儿性别改变效应的证据，在仅携带女性胎儿的参与者中，在第 1 次就诊时观察到总体暴露混合物与 SBP 之间存在很强的负相关。结论 我们的研究结果表明，苯酚和对羟基苯甲酸酯暴露可能会共同增加妊娠期间 1 期或 2 期高血压的风险，这对胎儿和孕产妇健康具有重要意义。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14008。