This research addresses the interplay between spatial factors and consumers' on-demand food delivery (ODFD) usage with special attention to three aspects: (1) the contextualization of spatial food environments, whereby different spatial measurements (food accessibility vs. food presence) and zone definitions are compared to select the appropriate variables. Also, the study is not confined to dining opportunities at residential locations, while individuals' daily activities are considered; (2) the heterogeneity across contexts, namely home-based and non-home-based usage; (3) the nonlinear effects of demographic profiles. With data collected in Singapore, this study examines the effects of spatial food environment, built environment, and demographic attributes on ODFD frequency. The results indicate a negative association between offline food access and ODFD usage frequency while such relationships are heterogeneous across usage contexts. Meanwhile, a negative association between neighborhood walkability and ODFD usage is also observed though the relationship is modest. Regarding the demographic profiles, the significant effects of age, household income, education levels, household size, and gender are noted with nonlinear patterns and heterogeneity across usage contexts.

中文翻译：

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空间因素如何影响城市居民的按需送餐使用？来自新加坡的证据


本研究探讨了空间因素与消费者按需送餐（ODFD）使用之间的相互作用，特别关注三个方面：（1）空间食品环境的情境化，其中不同的空间测量（食品可及性与食品存在）和比较区域定义以选择适当的变量。此外，研究并不局限于居住地点的就餐机会，还考虑了个人的日常活动； （2）跨环境的异质性，即家庭使用和非家庭使用； (3)人口特征的非线性效应。本研究利用在新加坡收集的数据，探讨了空间食物环境、建筑环境和人口特征对 ODFD 频率的影响。结果表明，线下食物获取与 ODFD 使用频率之间存在负相关关系，而这种关系在不同的使用环境中是不同的。同时，还观察到邻里步行适宜性与 ODFD 使用之间存在负相关关系，尽管这种关系不大。关于人口统计资料，年龄、家庭收入、教育水平、家庭规模和性别的显着影响在使用环境中呈现非线性模式和异质性。