Understanding the effects of liming plus phosphate fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties, as well as carbon stock, is critical for improving soil fertility management under conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT) systems. This study aimed to quantify changes in these soil properties resulting from incorporation (CT) or not (NT) of limestone and phosphorus (P) in a subtropical Ferralsol in southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted in Campo Mourão, Paraná State, Brazil, according to a randomized complete block design with a 6 × 4 factorial arrangement and four replications. The treatments comprised six strategies for limestone and P management and four soil depth layers (0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.40 m), as follows: NLNT - no liming under no-till; NLCT - no liming under conventional till; LPNT - liming and P fertilization under no-till; LPCT - liming and P fertilization under conventional till; LNT - liming under no-till; and LCT - liming under conventional till. In 2012, 5.0 Mg ha dolomitic limestone and 53.3 kg ha P were applied. In 2016, dolomitic limestone was reapplied to a soybean–wheat rotation. Liming and liming plus P treatments influenced soil properties up to a depth of 0.10 m, increasing pH and decreasing Al, without significant differences between CT and NT. Higher levels of Ca and Mg were observed at 0–0.05 m, except in unlimed treatments. Liming and liming plus P fertilization treatments resulted in mean increments of 1.83 and 1.37 cmol dm in Ca and Mg levels, respectively, regardless of the tillage system. Base saturation did not differ between treatments in the 0.10 m layer. However, LPCT resulted in higher base saturation in the 0.10–0.20 m (55 %) and 0.20–0.40 m (53 %) layers. P contents were affected up to 0.10 m depth, being 30 % higher in LPNT than in LPCT at 0–0.05 m. In the 0–0.05 m layer, soil bulk density was highest in NLCT and LPCT, and macroporosity was lowest in LPCT. Carbon stock was not affected by tillage practices, liming, or P fertilization. There was a positive correlation between P content and carbon stock at 0.20–0.40 m, suggesting that increased P availability at depth contributes to carbon sequestration. At 0–0.05 m, soil physical properties were negatively influenced by the combined application of liming and P fertilization under CT, indicating possible simultaneous effects on clay dispersion and pore obstruction.

中文翻译：

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施石灰和施磷肥影响巴西亚热带铁拉尔索尔的土壤肥力、物理特性和碳储量


了解施石灰加磷肥对土壤物理和化学性质以及碳储量的影响对于改善传统耕作（CT）和免耕（NT）系统下的土壤肥力管理至关重要。本研究旨在量化巴西南部亚热带铁拉尔索尔中掺入（CT）或不掺入（NT）石灰石和磷（P）所导致的这些土壤性质的变化。该实验在巴西巴拉那州 Campo Mourão 进行，采用 6 × 4 阶乘排列和四次重复的随机完全区组设计。这些处理包括六种石灰石和磷管理策略以及四种土壤深度层（0-0.05、0.05-0.10、0.10-0.20 和 0.20-0.40 m），如下： NLNT - 免耕下不施石灰； NLCT - 传统耕作下无需施石灰； LPNT - 免耕条件下施石灰和磷肥； LPCT - 常规耕作下施石灰和磷肥； LNT——免耕下施石灰； LCT - 传统耕作下的浸灰。 2012年，白云质石灰石施用量为5.0毫克/公顷，磷肥施用量为53.3公斤/公顷。 2016年，白云质石灰岩被重新应用于大豆-小麦轮作。施石灰和施石灰加 P 处理影响土壤性质直至 0.10 m 深度，增加 pH 值并降低 Al，但 CT 和 NT 之间没有显着差异。除无石灰处理外，在 0–0.05 m 处观察到较高水平的 Ca 和 Mg。无论耕作制度如何，施石灰和施石灰加磷肥处理均导致钙和镁水平平均分别增加 1.83 和 1.37 cmol dm。 0.10 m 层的处理之间的基础饱和度没有差异。然而，LPCT 导致 0.10–0.20 m (55%) 和 0.20–0.40 m (53%) 层的基底饱和度较高。 P含量受影响最大为0。10 m 深度，0-0.05 m 处 LPNT 比 LPCT 高 30%。在0~0.05 m层，NLCT和LPCT土壤容重最高，LPCT大孔隙度最低。碳储量不受耕作、施石灰或磷肥的影响。磷含量与 0.20-0.40 m 处的碳储量呈正相关，表明深度磷有效性的增加有助于碳固存。在0-0.05 m处，CT下施用石灰和施磷肥对土壤物理性质产生负面影响，这表明可能同时对粘土分散和孔隙阻塞产生影响。