BACKGROUND Exposure to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5) via air pollution may be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders during adulthood. Yet few studies have examined associations between exposure and the trajectory of symptoms across late childhood and early adolescence. OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated whether PM2.5 exposure at 9-11 y of age affects both concurrent symptoms as well as the longitudinal trajectory of internalizing and externalizing behaviors across the following 3 y. This issue was examined using multiple measures of exposure and separate measures of symptoms of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder), respectively. METHODS In a sample of more than 10,000 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, we used a dataset of historical PM2.5 levels and growth curve modeling to evaluate associations of PM2.5 exposure with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories, as assessed by the Child Behavioral Check List. Three distinct measures of PM2.5 exposure were investigated: annual average concentration during 2016, number of days in 2016 above the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 24-h PM2.5 standards, and maximum 24-h concentration during 2016. RESULTS At baseline, higher number of days with PM2.5 levels above US EPA standards was associated with higher parent-reported internalizing symptoms in the same year. This association remained significant up to a year following exposure and after controlling for PM2.5 annual average, maximum 24-h level, and informant psychopathology. There was also evidence of an association between PM2.5 annual average and externalizing symptom levels at baseline in females only. DISCUSSION Results suggested PM2.5 exposure during childhood is associated with higher symptoms of internalizing and externalizing disorders at the time of exposure and 1 y later. In addition, effects of PM2.5 exposure on youth internalizing symptoms may be most impacted by the number of days of exposure above US EPA standards in comparison with annual average and maximum daily exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13427.

中文翻译：

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童年晚期和青春期早期接触细颗粒空气污染与内化和外化行为轨迹之间的关联：来自青少年大脑认知发展（ABCD）研究的证据。


背景技术通过空气污染暴露于高浓度的空气动力学直径≤2.5μm（PM2.5）的细颗粒物（PM）可能是成年期精神疾病的危险因素。然而，很少有研究探讨暴露与儿童晚期和青春期早期症状轨迹之间的关联。目的 当前的研究评估了 9-11 岁的 PM2.5 暴露是否会影响并发症状以及接下来 3 年内内化和外化行为的纵向轨迹。分别使用多种暴露测量和单独测量内化障碍（例如抑郁、焦虑）和外化障碍（例如品行障碍）症状来检查这个问题。方法 在青少年大脑认知发展 (ABCD) 研究的 10,000 多名青少年样本中，我们使用历史 PM2.5 水平数据集和生长曲线模型来评估 PM2.5 暴露与内化和外化症状轨迹的关联，如通过儿童行为检查表进行评估。研究了 PM2.5 暴露的三个不同指标：2016 年年平均浓度、2016 年高于美国环境保护署 (US EPA) 24 小时 PM2.5 标准的天数以及 2016 年 24 小时最大浓度。在基线时，PM2.5 水平高于美国 EPA 标准的天数越多，与同年家长报告的内化症状越高相关。在接触 PM2.5 年平均值、最大 24 小时水平和知情精神病理学之后，这种关联在暴露一年内仍然显着。还有证据表明 PM2.5 之间存在关联。仅女性基线时的 5 年平均和外化症状水平。讨论 结果表明，儿童时期接触 PM2.5 与接触时和 1 年后的内化和外化紊乱症状较高相关。此外，与年平均和每日最大暴露量相比，PM2.5 暴露对青少年内化症状的影响可能最大的是高于美国 EPA 标准的暴露天数。 https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13427。