Sex and gender are distinct terms that must be used correctly. Data regarding sex and gender may be collected using a 2-step method that separates biological sex and self-reported gender identity. The PhenX Toolkit, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is one tool that provides investigators with recommended standard data-collection protocols. Another tool is the Diversity Minimal Item Set questionnaire. Importantly, sex and gender interact: for example, pain has both biological aspects (sex differences in electrical, ischemic, thermal, pressure, and muscle pain sensitivity) and cultural aspects (gender factors in how people report pain and how physicians understand and treat pain in patients). Gender norms, identity, and relations all impact patient care. Gender norms, for instance, may influence how a person experiences pain, gender identity may influence a person's willingness to report pain, and gender relations may influence a physician's gendered expectations in relation to a patient's gendered behaviors. Clinicians may perceive women's pain to be psychological; as a result, women may receive more nonspecific diagnoses, wait longer for treatment, and receive more antidepressants and fewer analgesics than men. Research on gender-diverse people and pain is just now emerging. Resources for methods of reporting include The Lancet, Nature, and the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) Guidelines. We must consider all relevant factors intersecting with sex and gender, including age, disabilities, educational background, ethnicity, family configuration, geographic location, race, sexuality, social and economic status, sustainability, and more.

中文翻译：

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性别在健康和疾病中的作用：报告方法以及与性和其他因素的互动。


性和性别是必须正确使用的不同术语。有关性和性别的数据可以使用区分生理性别和自我报告的性别认同的 2 步法收集。由美国国立卫生研究院 （NIH） 资助的 PhenX 工具包是一种为研究人员提供推荐标准数据收集方案的工具。另一个工具是 Diversity Minimal Item Set 问卷。重要的是，性和性别相互作用：例如，疼痛既有生物学方面（电、缺血、热、压力和肌肉疼痛敏感性的性别差异）也有文化方面（人们如何报告疼痛以及医生如何理解和治疗患者疼痛的性别因素）。性别规范、身份和关系都会影响患者护理。例如，性别规范可能会影响一个人如何经历痛苦，性别认同可能会影响一个人报告疼痛的意愿，性别关系可能会影响医生对患者性别行为的性别期望。临床医生可能认为女性的痛苦是心理上的;因此，与男性相比，女性可能接受更多的非特异性诊断，等待治疗的时间更长，接受的抗抑郁药和镇痛药更多。关于性别多元化人群和痛苦的研究现在才刚刚出现。报告方法的资源包括柳叶刀、自然和研究中的性别与性别平等 （SAGER） 指南。我们必须考虑与性和性别相交的所有相关因素，包括年龄、残疾、教育背景、种族、家庭结构、地理位置、种族、性行为、社会和经济地位、可持续性等。