Previous research suggests that bystanders of conflicts use a range of intervention strategies. Yet, much less is known about other actions—beyond intervention—that bystanders might engage in during conflicts. Further, while prior studies reveal that gender differences emerge in bystander behavior, few studies have assessed the ecological validity of such potential differences in bystander actions during real-life conflicts. Addressing this concern, we systematically observed the diverse bystander behaviors of individuals presenting as men and women in real-life public conflicts captured on CCTV. We observed 67 public conflicts in the inner city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Using a qualitative approach, we first identified the broad spectrum of actions that bystanders engaged in. We then ran linear probability models to examine the relationship between bystander’s gender presentation and bystanders’ engagement in seven bystander actions ( N = 1,959), followed by a multimodel analysis to test the robustness of these findings. Results indicate that bystanders engaged in a diversity of actions, ranging from inattentive (i.e., glancing while moving) and reactive actions (e.g., laughing) to physical forms of intervention. Unexpectedly, women were not more likely to engage in affiliative forms of intervention (e.g., calming hand gestures, non-forceful touching, and practical help). In addition to physical intervention, men were more likely to react to conflicts by laughing, filming, or cheering. The only type of action that was more typical among women than men was inattention (i.e., glancing while moving). Our results show that bystander behavior in public space is carried out in gendered ways, albeit in a less clear-cut manner than expected.

中文翻译：

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超越干预的旁观者行动：视频观察现实生活公共冲突中男性和女性的旁观者行为


先前的研究表明，冲突的旁观者会使用一系列干预策略。然而，人们对冲突期间旁观者可能采取的其他行动（除了干预之外）知之甚少。此外，虽然先前的研究表明旁观者行为中存在性别差异，但很少有研究评估现实生活冲突中旁观者行为的这种潜在差异的生态有效性。为了解决这个问题，我们系统地观察了闭路电视拍摄的现实生活中的公共冲突中男性和女性的不同旁观者行为。我们观察到荷兰阿姆斯特丹市中心发生了 67 起公共冲突。使用定性方法，我们首先确定了旁观者参与的广泛行为。然后，我们运行线性概率模型来检查旁观者的性别表现和旁观者参与七种旁观者行为之间的关系（N = 1,959），然后使用多模型分析来测试这些发现的稳健性。结果表明，旁观者的行为多种多样，从漫不经心（即移动时扫视）和反应性行为（例如大笑）到身体形式的干预。出乎意料的是，女性并没有更有可能参与亲和形式的干预（例如平静的手势、非强力触摸和实际帮助）。除了身体干预之外，男性更有可能通过大笑、拍摄或欢呼来应对冲突。女性比男性更常见的唯一行为类型是注意力不集中（即移动时扫视）。我们的研究结果表明，公共空间中的旁观者行为是以性别方式进行的，尽管方式不如预期那么明确。