Recently, nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO) has been widely distributed over surface water. However, there are few reports on its effects on the central nervous system of fish. In this study, we investigated whether nano-TiO enters the medaka brain after exposure and its effect on the brain. Marine medaka brains were examined after exposure to 0.01 g/L nano-TiO for 3, 10, and 20 d. Nano-TiO-like particles were found in the telencephalon of treated fish. There was no obvious brain histopathological injury. The number of irregular mitochondria with absent cristae increased. Gene expression of the apoptosis-related genes, , and , decreased significantly in the nano-TiO group at 3 d. In contrast, the pyroptosis-related genes, and , and inflammation-related factor, , increased significantly. As an activated microglia marker, mRNA expression of increased significantly in the nano-TiO treated group. Moreover, CD68 protein expression also increased significantly at 10 d. Altogether, we show that nano-TiO can alter mitochondrial morphology in the telencephalon of medaka, leading to microglial activation and pyroptosis.

中文翻译：

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纳米TiO2诱导海洋青鳉脑中小胶质细胞活化和细胞焦亡


近年来，纳米二氧化钛（nano-TiO）已广泛分布在地表水中。但其对鱼类中枢神经系统的影响却鲜有报道。在这项研究中，我们研究了纳米TiO在暴露后是否进入青鳉大脑及其对大脑的影响。在暴露于 0.01 g/L 纳米 TiO2 3、10 和 20 天后，对海洋青鳉大脑进行了检查。在经过处理的鱼的端脑中发现了类似纳米二氧化钛的颗粒。未见明显脑组织病理学损伤。嵴缺失的不规则线粒体数量增加。 3 d 时纳米 TiO 组中凋亡相关基因 、 和 的基因表达显着下降。相反，焦亡相关基因 和 以及炎症相关因子 显着增加。作为激活的小胶质细胞标志物，纳米 TiO2 处理组的 mRNA 表达显着增加。此外，CD68蛋白表达在10天时也显着增加。总而言之，我们表明纳米二氧化钛可以改变青鳉端脑的线粒体形态，导致小胶质细胞激活和细胞焦亡。