This meta-analytic review investigated the development of narcissism across the life span, by synthesizing the available longitudinal data on mean-level change and rank-order stability. Three factors of narcissism were examined: agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism. Analyses were based on data from 51 samples, including 37,247 participants. As effect size measures, we used the standardized mean change d per year and test-retest correlations that were corrected for attenuation due to measurement error. The results suggested that narcissism typically decreases from age 8 to 77 years (i.e., the observed age range), with aggregated changes of d = -0.28 for agentic narcissism, d = -0.41 for antagonistic narcissism, and d = -0.55 for neurotic narcissism. Rank-order stability of narcissism was high, with average values of .73 (agentic), .68 (antagonistic), and .60 (neurotic), based on an average time lag of 11.42 years. Rank-order stability did not vary as a function of age. However, rank-order stability declined as a function of time lag, asymptotically approaching values of .62 (agentic), .52 (antagonistic), and .33 (neurotic) across long time lags. Moderator analyses indicated that the findings on mean-level change and rank-order stability held across gender and birth cohort. The meta-analytic data set included mostly Western and White/European samples, pointing to the need of conducting more research with non-Western and ethnically diverse samples. In sum, the findings suggest that agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism show normative declines across the life span and that individual differences in these factors are moderately (neurotic) to highly (agentic, antagonistic) stable over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

自恋在整个生命周期中的发展：纵向研究的荟萃分析回顾。


这篇荟萃分析综述通过综合平均水平变化和排名稳定性的可用纵向数据，调查了自恋在整个生命周期中的发展。研究了自恋的三个因素：代理性自恋、对抗性自恋和神经质自恋。分析基于 51 个样本的数据，其中包括 37,247 名参与者。作为效应大小测量，我们使用每年的标准化平均变化 d 和重测相关性，对由于测量误差造成的衰减进行校正。结果表明，自恋通常从 8 岁到 77 岁（即观察到的年龄范围）下降，代理性自恋的聚合变化为 d = -0.28，对抗性自恋的聚合变化为 d = -0.41，神经质自恋的聚合变化为 d = -0.55 。自恋的排序稳定性很高，基于 11.42 年的平均时间滞后，平均值为 0.73（代理性）、0.68（对抗性）和 0.60（神经性）。排名稳定性不随年龄而变化。然而，排序稳定性随着时间滞后的变化而下降，在长时间滞后内逐渐接近 0.62（主动性）、0.52（拮抗性）和 0.33（神经性）的值。主持人分析表明，关于平均水平变化和排名稳定性的研究结果在性别和出生队列中均成立。荟萃分析数据集主要包括西方和白人/欧洲样本，表明需要对非西方和种族多样化样本进行更多研究。总之，研究结果表明，代理性、对抗性和神经性自恋在整个生命周期中表现出规范性下降，并且随着时间的推移，这些因素的个体差异是中度（神经性）到高度（代理性、对抗性）稳定的。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。