OBJECTIVE The authors sought to assess the prosocial, entactogen effects of ketamine. METHODS Pleasure from social situations was assessed in a sample of participants with treatment-resistant depression from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, using four items of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) at five time points over 1 week following treatment with ketamine (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo. The primary endpoint was postinfusion self-reported pleasure on the four SHAPS items pertaining to social situations, including the item on helping others, between the ketamine and placebo groups. In a rodent experiment, the impact of ketamine on helping behavior in rats was assessed using the harm aversion task. The primary endpoint was a reduction in lever response rate relative to baseline, which indicated the willingness of rats to forgo obtaining sucrose to help protect their cage mate from electric shock. RESULTS Relative to placebo, ketamine increased ratings of feeling pleasure from being with family or close friends, seeing other people's smiling faces, helping others, and receiving praise, for 1 week following treatment. In the rodent experiment, during the harm aversion task, ketamine-treated rats maintained lower response rates relative to baseline to a greater extent than what was observed in vehicle-treated rats for 6 days posttreatment and delivered fewer shocks overall. CONCLUSIONS In patients with treatment-resistant depression, ketamine treatment was associated with increased pleasure from social situations, such as feeling pleasure from helping others. Ketamine-treated rats were more likely to protect their cage mate from harm, at the cost of obtaining sucrose. These findings suggest that ketamine has entactogen effects.

中文翻译：

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氯胺酮的致动剂作用：一项逆向转化研究。


目的 作者试图评估氯胺酮的促社会、致动原作用。方法 在随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究的难治性抑郁症参与者样本中评估社交场合的愉悦感，使用 Snaith-Hamilton 快乐量表 （SHAPS） 的四个项目在氯胺酮治疗后 1 周内的五个时间点（0.5 mg/kg 静脉注射）或安慰剂。主要终点是氯胺酮组和安慰剂组之间输注后自我报告的对四个与社交场合有关的 SHAPS 项目的快乐，包括帮助他人的项目。在啮齿动物实验中，使用伤害厌恶任务评估氯胺酮对大鼠帮助行为的影响。主要终点是相对于基线杠杆反应率的降低，这表明大鼠愿意放弃获取蔗糖以帮助保护它们的笼子伴侣免受电击。结果： 相对于安慰剂，氯胺酮在治疗后 1 周内提高了与家人或亲密朋友在一起、看到他人的笑脸、帮助他人和接受表扬的愉悦感评分。在啮齿动物实验中，在危害厌恶任务期间，氯胺酮处理的大鼠在治疗后 6 天内保持相对于基线的较低反应率比在载体处理的大鼠中观察到的反应率更大，并且总体上产生的电击较少。结论 在难治性抑郁症患者中，氯胺酮治疗与社交场合的乐趣增加有关，例如从帮助他人中获得乐趣。氯胺酮处理的大鼠更有可能保护它们的笼子伴侣免受伤害，但代价是获得蔗糖。这些发现表明氯胺酮具有 entactogen 作用。