Renovating buildings is a crucial mission for the coming decades to combat energy inefficiencies and produce a resilient building stock. The inefficient thermal envelope has significant implications for occupants, especially for families lacking the financial resources to maintain a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. In scenarios where households cannot afford or utilize HVAC systems and high temperatures are more frequent, building retrofits should prioritize reducing heat loss in winter and passively lowering indoor temperatures in the cooling season. This work introduces a new solution to enhance the liveability of a social housing building in southern Spain by integrating a double-skin roof with a conventional retrofit strategy, which incorporates passive cooling techniques – night ventilation and an evaporative cooling system – for effective heat dissipation based on available commercial solutions. An extensive monitoring campaign was conducted over three years to evaluate the thermal comfort of occupants and the risk of overheating in naturally conditioned buildings before and after renovation following two impact assessment methods: real-time data-based and simulation-based. The real-time data-based method compared the indoor conditions of a dwelling with a conventionally retrofitted roof to one with a double-skin roof, indicating that the dynamic roof maintains a ceiling temperature lower than the air temperature throughout the summer while the conventional roof acts as a heating surface. On the other side, the simulation-based method compared the observed indoor conditions with a double-skin roof enabled during 2023 to the initial stage and a double-skin roof disabled scenario, using calibrated building energy models. The natural cooling roof solution almost eliminates the overheating events, leading to a reduction of 94.1% and 76.9% in discomfort degree-hours compared to the initial stage according to the ASHRAE adaptative and Fanger comfort models, respectively. Additionally, the results indicate that conventional retrofits can increase the risk of overheating when a cooling system is not considered. Integrating a cool roof solution requires only an extra implementation cost of 31€/m compared to a conventional solution, having an operational cost that represents less than 3% of the minimum monthly income in the social housing district.

中文翻译：

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通过被动冷却屋顶增强建筑在气候变化中的抵御能力：卡马斯（西班牙塞维利亚）的案例研究


改造建筑物是未来几十年的一项重要任务，旨在解决能源效率低下问题并建设有弹性的建筑群。低效的热围护结构对居住者有重大影响，特别是对于缺乏经济资源来维持健康舒适的室内环境的家庭。在家庭无力承担或使用暖通空调系统且高温频繁发生的情况下，建筑改造应优先考虑减少冬季热损失，并在制冷季节被动降低室内温度。这项工作引入了一种新的解决方案，通过将双层屋顶与传统的改造策略相结合，提高西班牙南部社会住房建筑的宜居性，其中结合了被动冷却技术——夜间通风和蒸发冷却系统——以实现基于有效散热的效果。可用的商业解决方案。三年来进行了广泛的监测活动，以评估居住者的热舒适度以及改造前后自然空调建筑的过热风险，采用两种影响评估方法：基于实时数据和基于模拟。基于实时数据的方法将采用传统屋顶改造的住宅与采用双层屋顶的住宅的室内条件进行了比较，结果表明，动态屋顶在整个夏季都能保持低于气温的天花板温度，而传统屋顶则在整个夏季保持低于气温的天花板温度。充当加热表面。另一方面，基于模拟的方法使用校准的建筑能源模型，将 2023 年启用双层屋顶时观察到的室内条件与初始阶段和双层屋顶禁用场景进行比较。 根据 ASHRAE 自适应模型和 Fanger 舒适模型，自然冷却屋顶解决方案几乎消除了过热事件，与初始阶段相比，不适度小时数分别减少了 94.1% 和 76.9%。此外，结果表明，如果不考虑冷却系统，传统的改造可能会增加过热的风险。与传统解决方案相比，集成冷屋顶解决方案仅需要 31 欧元/平方米的额外实施成本，运营成本不到保障性住房区最低月收入的 3%。